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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Neoplasia
Cells out of control dividing rapidly
Dysplasia
Disordered growth, not necessarily pre-cancerous
Metastasis
Secondary Tumour, distant from original site
Cancer also known as
Neoplasia
Contact Inhibition
When cells stop dividing when surrounded by like cells.
Anaplasia
When cells lose functional speciality, and appear less like cells of origin
Tumour Definition
A tumour (neoplasm) is a lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively Autonoumous abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.
Neoplastic Cells
Are any nucleated cell in the body which has undergone neoplastic transformation
Solid Tumours consist of:
Neoplastic cells and stroma.
Stroma
A connective tissue framework which neoplastic cells are embedded in which acts as a mechanical support and provides nutrition.
Desmoplastic Reaction
.
The process of stroma formation
Growth of a tumour is dependant on:
Blood Vessels of the stroma, without which the tumor cannot grow due to a lack of nutrients.
Clinical problems of Benign Tumours
Pressure on adjacent cells, obstrution to the flow of fluid, hormone production, transformation into malignant neoplasm.
Metastasis
.
The process of malignant neoplasms penetrating the walls of blood vessels and lymphatic channels and disseminating to other regions
Metastases
The resulting secondary tumour after the original neoplams has undergone metastasis.
Carcinomatases
Patients with widespread metastases
Histogenisis
The specific cell of origin of an individual tumour
Well differentiated Tumours
Closely resemble parent tissue
Poorly Differentiated
Does not closely resemble parent tissue
Malignant Tumour grades
Grade 1- Well differentiated
Grade 2- Intermediate differentiated
Grade 3- Poorly Differentiated
Anaplasic
Tumours which defy precise histogenic classification
Sarcomas
Malignant Connective tissue tumours
Carcinomas
Malignant epithelial tumours
Benign epithelial tumours are either:
Papillomas or adenomas
The suffix of all tumours
-oma
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant tumour of glandular epitherlium, followed by the name of the tissue of origin. i.e Adenocarcinoma of the breast.
Carcinoma In Situ
An epithelial neoplasm exhibiting all the cellular features associated with malignancy, but which has not yet invaded through the epithelial basement membrane separating it from potenital routes of metastasis
Teratoma
A neoplsam formed of cells representing all three germ cell layers: ectoderm, mesoferm and endoderm. Benign types may contain teeth and hair.
Blastoma
A type of tumour that occur excluseively in the very young, "Kids Cancer" They bear a histological resemblance to the embryonic form of the organ in which they arise.
Neuroendocrine Tumours
Derived from peptide hormone secreting cells
Aneuploidy
Inexact multiples of DNA per cell in neoplasms
Polyploidy
Exact multiples of DNA of the diploid state, per cell in neoplasms
Necrosis
Death of tissues from lack of oxygen or nutients from lack of blood flow
Arthermia
Accumulation of swelling in artery walls make up of cells or cell debris which create plaque
Carcinogenisis
The mechanism by which cancer causing agents result in the development of tumours
Infarction
The process of tissue death (necrosis) caused by the blockage of a blood vessel in another part of the body
Ischaemia
A restriction of blood supply to am organ
Hyperplasia
A growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells
Hypertrophy
A growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the SIZE of cells
Embolus
Fluid or Solid mass, mobile within a blood vessel, capable of blocking it's lumen.
Complement
Collective noun for a set of blood proteins that, when activated in cascade by, for example antigen-antibody reaction, has various effects including leukocyte chemotaxis and cell lysis
Chemotaxis
Migration of cells induced by some chemical influence such as complement components and causing accumulation of leukocuyes in inflamed tissues
Apoptosis
A form of normal or pathological individual cell death characterised by activation of endogenous endonucleases
Causes of inflammation
Microorganisms- eg bacteria, viruses

Immuune Reactions- eg hypersensitive reactions by parasites

Phyisical factors- eg trauma, iomising radiation, UV light, heat (burns, fever), cold- excessive cooling (frostbite)

Chemical Factors- eg corrosives, acids, alkalines, bacterial toxins

Dead Tissue (necrosis)- eg ischamemic infarction
Vascular Component of Tissue Injury in Inflammation
Dialation of Vessels
Exudative Component of Tissue Injury in Inflammation
Vascular leakage of protien rich fluid
Neutrophil Polymorph
Characteristic cell recruited to the tissue
Suffix of Inflammation
-itis
Exotoxins
A substance that Bacteria release which initiate inflammation
Hypersensitve Reactions
Hypersensitve Reactions
Occur when an altered state of immunological responsiveness causes an innappropriate or excessive immune reaction that damages the tissues.
Hyperaemia
Increased blood flow through a region
Pain in Inflammation
Caused by stretching and distortion of tissues by inflammatory oedema. Chemical mediators include
bradykinin, prostoglandis and serotonin,
Chemical Mediators of Pain
Bradykinin, prostoglandia, serotonin.
What accumulates in exctracellular spaces in early processes of Inflammation?
Odema, fluid, fibrin and neutrophil polumorphs
Acute Inflammation involves what three processes?
-Changes in vessel calibre and consequently flow

-Increased Vascular Permeability and formation of the fluid exodate

-Formation of the cellular exudate- emmigration of the neutrophil polumorphs into extravascular space
Essential macroscopic appearances of acute inflammation and their causes:
Redness- dialation of small blood vessels within damaged area
Heat- Only in peripheral regions i.e. skin, due to hyperaemia (increased blood flow) due to vascular dialatoin
Swelling- Caused by Oedema (accumulation of fluid in extravascular space as part of the fliod exudate), and to a lesser extent physical mass of inflam. cells murgating to the area
Pain- Stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflam oedema. Chemicals include Bradykini, Prostoglandia, Serotonin
Loss of Function- Consiously and reflexly inhibited by pain, and severe swelling may physically immobilise the tissues.
Pavementing of Neutrophils
The process of adhesion of Neutrophils to the vascular endothelium at sites of acute inflammation
Phagocytosis
The process whereby cells (such as neutrophil polymorphs and macrophages) ingest solid particles