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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Welfare Pluralism
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Using more than one institution to provide welfare to the population. These include; voluntary provider to the state or informal and private providers.
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State Provision
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Also known as statutory welfare provision - Set up in the 1940's after the Beveridge report, it's universal, run and regulated by the state. Funded by taxes and NI. E.g. NHS, benefits, education.
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State Provision - Advantages
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- Reduces poverty levels
- Supplements working wages - Reduces crime - Improves health conditions |
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State Provision - Disadvantages
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- Creates 'underclass' who don't work to get qualified
- Reduces country's labour productivity - State organisations are captured by professionals who use them in their own interests. |
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State Provision - Evaluation
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Marxists think the state ensures there is a healthy workforce for capitalism, it does not care for the individual but instead is there to keep them working to ensure profits are generated. The welfare state mask the oppressive capitalist society and keeps the working class quiet.
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Informal Care
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Arguably parents provide welfare for their children everyday. However most informal welfare is provided by women. According to Parsons; this is functional as women adopt the expressive role in society as well, quality of care is also very high at a low cost.
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Informal Care - Advantages
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- Those who are seriously ill may prefer to be with their family.
- Goffmans Asylum Study - found there is less stigma attached to disability, significantly mental health, if your carer is a family member or friend. |
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Informal Care - Disadvantages
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- The individual is out of sight of other people and is relying on a single service for accommodation and care
- No regulation for informal care therefore may not be adequate for the individuals needs. |
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Informal Care - Evaluation
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Adds to the dual burden of women, also those with no immediate family and friends won't receive any welfare. Do people have time nowadays, there are more people in work.
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Voluntary Care
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Reduces costs on the state as volunteers are committed and hardworking people who work for free for charities based on donations. E.g Shelter or Oxfam.
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Voluntary Care - Advantages
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- Makes up for limited state provision
- Direct assistance to where it is most needed to minimize the adverse consequences of state welfare. |
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Voluntary Care - Disadvantages
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- Reliant on donations
- May not have adequate standards or sufficient resources to meet individual needs - It is easy to exploit these services as they do not have the same background info has government. |
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Voluntary Care - Studies - Glennerster
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Found 400,000 charities working in the UK, they receive funding from the state and donations. However voluntary provision is minor compared to statutory provision as charities usually target a specific group.
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Voluntary Care - Evaluation
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Volunteers may lack the formal/training or qualifications so the care provided could be inferior. Access to charities depend on where you live, lack of funding could also affect availability.
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Private Care
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Run by companies for profit, individuals pay for the services themselves so if richer people 'go private', there is more money to spend on the needy. Using private companies helps boost the economy as they charge high fees and maintain high standards.
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Private Care - Advantages
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- Private Welfare is relatively immune from political change, climate of public opinion and economic factors there provision is constant
- Standards will be very high as best facilities and staff are provided - Individuals should be allowed to spend their money as they choose - The generation of profits aids the economy which helps to reduce absolute poverty |
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Private Care - Disadvantages
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- Individuals may not be the best judge of their own interests, so welfare services should be provided on the basis of assessment of need by experts rather than individual demand.
- Widens the gap between the provision received by the rich and poor, therefore creating inequality. |
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Private Care - Studies - Bishop
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Believes governments like using private welfare provisions as it keeps costs down.
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Private Care - Studies - PFI
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Policy introduced by the Conservatives, New Labour continued it. Involves a partnership between private companies and governments that involves the building and furnish of facilities like schools or hospitals or prisons by private companies and then government rents the building from the companies. Aim of this scheme is for state to cut costs of creating new buildings but still benefiting from new facilities. However, critics say the costs of renting facilities will eventually be higher than the costs of building them in the first place.
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Private Care - Evaluation
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Marxists see this as another way to exploit the proletariat - why should wealth buy health? Shortage of NHS workers as so many doctors/nurses/dentists leave to work privately as it pays better. The government funds NHS related degrees, however a waste of taxpayers money if the graduates don't actually work for the NHS.
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Residential and Community Care
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Advantages;
- Being a tenant or owner or occupier gives you security of tenure that care home residents lack. - Reduces state dependency and creates self-reliance - Potential to reduce social exclusion as people are dependent upon other in their community. Disadvantages - - No regulations for informal provision therefore care may not be up to standards provided by the state. |
