5️⃣ Amino Acids, Protein Structures And Dna

Front 1

What is the protein structure dependant on

Back 1

Dependant on order and number of amino acids, bonding present and shape of protein (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)primary structure

Front 2

Primary structure

Back 2

Sequence and number of amino acids

Front 3

Secondary structure

Back 3

Shape that chain of Aa folds into:

- Alpha-helix

- beta pleated sheets

Determined by hydrogen bonds between peptide bonds

Front 4

Tertiary structure

Back 4

3D shape of proteins (globular / fibrous)

Globular: compact

Fibrous: long can be used to form fibres

Shape determined by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds

Front 5

Quaternary structure

Back 5

2 or more polypeptide chains ⛓ are joined together (with addition of a non-protein prosthetic group

Front 6

Enzymes

Back 6

Biological catalysts that speeds up the rate of a reaction (by lowering activation energy) without being used up

Front 7

Lock and key structure

Back 7

Enzyme is the lock

Substrate is the key

Substrate bonds to the active site of the enzyme forming an enzyme substrate complex

(enzymes have specific and complementary shape with substrate they bind to)

Front 8

What is the induced fit model

Back 8

When enzyme-substrate complex is formed the tertiary structure of enzyme is altered so that the active site of enzyme fits around substrate (induced fit model)

Front 9

Polymers of nucleotides

Back 9

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 10

What do nucleotides consist of

Back 10

1) Pentose sugar (5)

2) nitrogen containing organic base

3) phosphate group

Front 11

Double bonds

Back 11

Adenosine —> thymine / uracil

Front 12

Triple bonds

Back 12

Guanine —> cytosine

Front 13

What bonds do nucleotides join together by

Back 13

Phosphodiester (formed I condensation reactions)

Phosphodiester bonds formed between phosphate groups and a carbon on Pentose sugar ofadjacent nucleotides

Front 14

DNA 🧬 molecule

Back 14

- double helix

- composed of two polynucleotide chains (anti parallel)

- Joined by H+ between two strands

Double and triple bonds between base pairs important as twists strands into double helix structure

Front 15

RNA structure

Back 15

- single-stranded polynucleotide chain

- does not have hydrogen bonding

Front 16

Semi-conservative replication of DNA

Back 16

1) DNA helicase unzips DNA 2 strands break H-bonds separating two strands

2) DNA polymerase (6 bases) lines up new nucleotides along DNA

3) new nucleotides formed aligned by DNA polymerase

4) Ligase sticks it all together (2x DNA formed)

Front 17

What are proteins made from

Back 17

Amino acids (monomers)

Amino acids contain

- NH2 group

- carboxylate acid group

- variable R group (carbon-containing chain)

Front 18

What are amino acids joined by

Back 18

Peptide bonds (formed in condensation reactions)

Front 19

Genetic code is non-overlapping what does this mean

Back 19

Each triplet is only read once and triplets don’t share any bases

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Recessive

Back 20

Allele must be present twice in genotype to be expressed in phenotype

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Dominant

Back 21

Allele Only needs to be present once in the genotype to be expressed in a phenotype

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Co-dominance

Back 22

Alleles in the genotype both Contribute to phenotype

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Homozygote

Back 23

Organism has two of the same alleles for a characteristic

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Heterozygote

Back 24

Organism has two different alleles for a characteristic

Front 25

Mono hybrid inheritance

Back 25

Inheritance of one gene at a time when two parents have offspring

Front 26

What does degenerate genetic code mean

Back 26

More than one triplet codes for the same amino acid (reduces number of mutations)

Front 27

What is transcription (definition)

Back 27

When DNA is copied into mRNA, which then leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome

Front 28

What is translation (definition)

Back 28

RNA is read and translated into amino acids which are joined to make a polypeptide

Front 29

Outline the process of transcription

Back 29

1) RNA polymerase attaches to DNA (signified by start codon)

2) breaks H+ bonds between comp base pairs (hold 2 strands together)

3) uncoils and separates two strands (exposed)

4) one of DNA strands used as template (antisense strand) makes mRNA

5) RNA poly lines up nucleotides (attach to template strand by comp base pairing Phosphodiester bonds)

6) forms 1 stranded molecule of mRNA

7) reaches stop codon mRNA detach from temp strand

8) moves out nucleus through pore, attaches to ribo (cytoplasm)

Front 30

Outline the process of translation

Back 30

1) mRNA attaches to ribo

2) tRNA collects Aa from cyto carries to ribo

3) tRNA molecule attaches to mRNA (complementary base pairing)

4) Aa attached to tRNA molecules join by peptide bonds

5) tRNA molecules detach from Aa

6) process repeated forming polypeptide chain until stop codon reached on mRNA

Front 31

Gene

Back 31

sequence of bases on a DNA molecule codes for sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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Allele

Back 32

Variations of the same gene

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Genotype

Back 33

Genetic constitution of an organism, the alleles they have

Front 34

Phenotype

Back 34

Physical characteristics expressed by an organism due to its genotype

Front 35

Antisense DNA strand

Back 35

Non-coding DNA strand of a gene (template for forming mRNA)

Front 36

Conservative

Back 36

Two helix’:

One helix made of all old

One helix made of all new

Front 37

Semi-conservative

Back 37

Two helix’s

Both made of old and new

Front 38

What is the difference between semi-conservative replication and transcription

Back 38

DNA Replication makes two new double strand DNA molecules from an original double strand DNA molecule (semi-conservative replication). Transcription makes a single strand of RNA off of the DNA double strand (uses one strand of the DNA as a template and makes a single strand of RNA).