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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many teeth does a young horse have?
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24
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What kind of vision does the horse use to judge distance?
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Binocular Vision
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Name the artery that carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary Artery
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What portion of the hoof should never bear weight?
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Sole
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How many bones compose the forearm of the horse?
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2
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What four parts of the digestive tract make up the foregut?
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Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestines
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What is another name for the knee bones?
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Carpals (carpus bones)
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What is the ideal slope of the shoulder?
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45-50 degrees
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Describe base-wide conformation.
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The horse's feet are wider at the ground than at their origin at the chest.
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How many bones does the horse have?
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205
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Name the 4 components of the horse's topline.
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Wither, Back, Loin, Croup
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What is the term for the point of the frog towards the toe?
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Apex
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Describe the foot-fall sequence of a horse cantering on the right lead.
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Hind left, Fore left and hind right together, fore right
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What is the horse's counterpart to the human knee?
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Stifle
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The amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath is often referred to as what?
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Tidal Volume
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What is the integument?
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The skin and hair that covers the horse's body and forms the boundary between the animal and its environment
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The brain, brain stem, and spinal cord make up what system?
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Central Nervous System
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Which hears better: stallion, mare, or gelding?
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Stallion
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How much does the hoof wall grow per month?
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1/8 -1/4 inch
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What is another name for the third metatarsal or metacarpal bones?
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Cannon Bones
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What is another name for the matacarpophalangeal joint?
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Fetlock joint
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What is a pre-purchase exam?
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An exam that determines the overall soundness and health of the horse prior to its sale.
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What are two types of body hair on the horse?
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Dense undercoat and guard hairs
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What is a spasmodic muscle contraction that produces heat, especially in cold weather?
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Shivering
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What is the name of the bone that creates the slope of the shoulder?
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Scapula
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What is the normal body temperature of an adult horse?
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99.5-101.5 degrees F
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What is sebum?
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An oily, waxy secretion that coats the hair
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Name two of the three places a horse most readily sweats?
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Neck, Chest, Flanks
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What is anaerobic glycolysis?
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The fastest means by which a horse can generate ATP to maintain high rates of speed.
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Name two of the mucous membranes of a horse.
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Eyelid, Inside of the Nostril, Inner lips and gums, Vulva of the mare
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How many pairs of ribs does a horse have?
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18 pairs
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What is the name of the junction between the head and the neck from ear to ear?
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Throatlatch
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What is the name for the part of the horse that includes the withers, back, loin, and croup?
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Top Line
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What is the name of deep indentures in the center of a horse's tooth?
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Cups
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A horse is considered to have this when all six incisors have erupted.
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Fullmouth
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Describe what a dovetail notch in the horse is?
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When the upper corners of the horse's teeth extend down over the lower corners.
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What is another name for the cheek teeth?
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Molars
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The hock joint is anatomically equivalent to what in a human?
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The ankle
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What is the scientific name for the windpipe?
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Trachea
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What is the obstructive lodging of food in the intestine called?
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Impaction
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Name the vertebral section found in the tail.
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Coccygeal vertebrae
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What conformation fault does a horse usually have if it paddles?
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Pigeon toed or toed in.
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What is the term used to describe the condition opposite to roach backed?
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Sway back
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When stimulated by certain odors or by pain, a horse may stretch out his neck and head and curl his lips upward. What is this called?
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The flehmen (flay-men) posture
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Describe how the shape of the hindfoot differs from that of the forefoot.
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The toe of the hindfoot is more pointed and the sole is more concave.
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What is another name for the hamstring of the horse?
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Achilles' tendon
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When do horses' teeth stop growing?
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At death or never
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Name the three most sensitive areas to touch on a horse?
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Eyes, Ears, and Nose
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The lungs are filled primarily by the action of a dome-shaped muscle called what?
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Diaphragm
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What body parts of a horse point towards sounds first?
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Ears
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How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
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40-42
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A horse with "too much angle in the hocks" is often described as having what kind of hocks?
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Sickle hocks
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How many bones make up the tarsus?
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7 bones
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The skull and ribs are considered to be what kind of bones?
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Flat bones
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What covers the articulating surface of bone?
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A thick, smooth cartilage
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The nasal cavity is a passageway to what system in the horse?
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Respiratory system
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What is the name of the ligament that holds the back of the hock together?
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Plantar ligament
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What is another name for the third phalanx?
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Coffin or pedal bone
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What is the common name for the first phalanx?
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Long pastern
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What is the common name for the second phalanx?
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Short pastern
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What attaches the coffin bone to the hoof wall?
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The sensitive laminae
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What is the normal resting heart rate of the horse?
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28-40 beats per minute
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What is protected in the cranial cavity?
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Brain
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What is the oxygen carrying complex in blood called?
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Hemoglobin
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What are the names of the first two vertebrae?
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Atlas and Axis
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The carpus or knee of the horse corresponds anatomically to what in a human?
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Human wrist
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Name the to bones which make up the forearm.
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Radius and ulna
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Small sharp teeth that appear at the base of the first pre-molar and are often removes are called what?
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Wolf teeth
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What is the term for a heavy neck which breaks over and falls to one side?
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Broken crest or lop neck.
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Which gait is considered the "nearly ideal form of locomotion?"
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Walk
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What is the term for the condition where the lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw?
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Parrot mouth or overshot jaw
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Striking the forefoot with the toe of the hind foot on the same side is known as what?
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Clicking or forging
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What does the buccal cavity refer to?
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oral passage or mouth
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What does an artery do?
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Carry blood from the heart to the other parts of the body.
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What is the average heart rate of an 8-10 week foal/
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60-79 beats per minute
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Name two of the four parts of the urinary system.
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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The products of the endocrine system are called what?
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hormones
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What is it called when a horse has small eyes placed close together on the head?
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pig eyes
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What does it mean when a horse is said to have a hair coat with bloom?
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the hair coat has a luster or is in good condition and shiny.
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What is the normal respiration rate of an average horse? ___ breaths per minute.
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8-20 breaths per minute
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What is the purpose of bile salts?
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promotes emulsification of lipids; fat digestion.
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Name two of the five types of blood cells.
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eosinophils, erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocyles
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What is the oxygen carrying a protein in red blood cells?
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hemoglobin
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What does the horse's olfactory sense refer to?
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sense of smell
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What does endocrine tissue produces insulin?
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pancreas
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Define FSH.
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follicle stimulating hormone
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How many cervical vertebrae (neck region) does the horse have?
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7
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How does lumbar vertebrae does the horse have?
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6 (5 are not uncommon)
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In the horse, what is the name of the vertebrae in the neck region?
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cervical vertebrae
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In the horse, what is the name of the vertebrae in the back region?
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thoracic vertebrae
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In the horse, what is the name of the vertebrae in the caudal (tail) region?
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coccygeal vertebrae
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What leg marking is described as a white stripe covering the coronet band?
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coronet
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What develops as a result of insufficient muscular exercise to pump the excess fluid back into circulation?
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leg edema
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What is the name given to the 12 front teeth in a horse?
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incisors
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What are the proximal sesamoids?
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2 small bones at the base of the cannon bone which forms the back part of the fetlock joint.
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How large is the area of the laminae in a horse's hoof?
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8 to 10 square feet
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Describe the stance phase of the strike
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When one or more limbs are on the grounds.
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What are the structures within the lungs in which gas exchange actually occurs.
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alveoli
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What does EIPH stand for?
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exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
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In muscle movement, relaxation cannot occur without the removal of what ions from the actin and myosin filaments?
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calcium
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The physical appearance of an animal due to the arrangement of muscle, bone and other body tissue is known as what?
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conformation
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What percentage of the horse's weight does the horse's forelimbs bear?
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65 percent
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What causes bumps on the bottom of the jaw of 3 to 4 years old horses?
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active eruption of the permanent molar
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A horse's heart is composed of how many chambers?
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4 (just like a human)
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What gait is forging most prevalent at?
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the trot
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The width of the horse's toes on the ground should be the same width as what?
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their origin in the chest
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What is meant by misalignment of teeth?
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improperly positioned teeth
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If the middle incisors of the upper jaw are so far forward that they do not contact the incisors of the lower jaw, this horse is said to be what?
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parrot-mouthed
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Name the organ in the horse's body where blood is saturated with oxygen.
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lungs
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the horse's foot increases in size until what age?
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when its full-grown at 5-6 years old
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What are hair like projections found in the oviduct and are responsible for transportation of sperm and ovum?
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cilia
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In a typical mature horse, the small intestines is approximately how long?
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70 feet
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During respiration the horse breathes in air containing oxygen, but then breathes out what?
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carbon dioxide
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If the respiration rate is higher than the pulse rate, this is known as what?
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inversion
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Why is a pig eye not desirable?
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the horse has limited vision and is typically more difficult to train.
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A horse's age can be determined by the number of what?
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number of teeth in their mouth
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The number one factor limiting performance in all types of horses is what?
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lameness
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What is a horse with too much slope to the pastern called?
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coon-footed or weak pasterned
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The measure of how much blood the heart can pump per minute is called what?
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cardiac output
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What is ossification?
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cartilage changing to bone
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What is the name for the abnormal growth of the periosteum?
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exostosis
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In the horse's skeleton, what is the function of the long bones?
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functions as levers and aid in support of weight and locomotion
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What joint is commonly referred to as the yes- no joint?
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atlas-axis joint
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The number of times a heart beats in a given time is called what?
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heart rate
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Where is the hoof wall the thinnest in horses?
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quarters
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What is indicative of capacity for reproduction and athletic performance?
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spring of rib and depth of heartgirth
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Where is muscling visually appraised?
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forearm, gaskin, and rear quarters
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An adult horse contains approximately how many gallons of blood?
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13.2 gallons
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Foals that grind their teeth and lie on their backs with their legs in the air may indicate what condition?
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stomach ulcer
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Death of the skin in horses is called what?
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necrosis
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What part of the horse's body is particularly at risk for puncture wounds?
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hoofs
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What must be taken into consideration when fitting shoes to the horse's foot?
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function of the horse and movement of the hoof
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What is the name of the system in the horse that gives the body form and protects the vital organs?
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the skeletal system
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What is the name of the lubricating fluid found in joints?
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synovial fluid
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The horse's stomach makes up what percent of the digestive tract?
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8%
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What type of blood cells carry oxygen?
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red blood cells
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Where is the horse's blind spot?
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Directly in front of or behind it
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Name the four components of the horse's topline.
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withers, back, loin, croup
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What is another name for pidgeon toed?
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toed-in
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Name the three types of muscles.
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smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
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Name two accessory organs of the horse's digestive system
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teeth, salvary glands, tongue
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What are the three main colors a horse's coat could be?
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bay, black, or chestnut
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Name the three components of blood
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Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and plasma
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What color is the eye of a "glass-eyed" horse?
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light blue or hazel
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Due to the chewing motion of the horse, sharp points are formed where on the teeth?
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Outside the upper jaw teeth and inside the lower jaw.
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Describe the color of a bay horse.
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- body color ranges from tan to red to reddish brown
- a black mane and tail - usually black on lower legs - black points. |
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When viewing a horse for conformation reasons, name three of the four areas you should view him.
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-view the horse from the profile
-view the rear of the horse -view the front of the horse -view the horse tracking away and towards you |
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Name the rear teeth or grinding teeth of the horse.
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molors
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What is the name of the V-shaped pad in the middle of the sole?
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frog
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What is the physiological cause of laryngeal hemiplagia?
|
the larynx does not completely open
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Describe a palomino.
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- yellow or golden body color
- white mane and tail - no dorsal stripe |
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What part of the horse's hoof bears the most weight?
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the wall
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|
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Defferentiate between the true ribs and the false ribs.
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true ribs - joined to the sternum
false ribs - attached to the cartilage extension of the sternum |
|
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In reference to the skeletal system, what is the atlas?
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the first cervical vertebrae
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When judging horses from the rear, what should be the widest part of the hindquarters?
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stifle
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The navicular bone and bursa are associated with what tendon?
|
deep flexor tendon
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When viewing a horse from the front, what should be evaluated?
|
Width of chest muscling and structure of the front leg and hoof, and the head and neck
|
|
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Describe a buckskin
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- yellowish or gold body color
- black mane and tail - black on lower legs - usually doesn't have a horsal stripe |
|
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Describe a buckskin
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- yellowish or gold body color
- black mane and tail - black on lower legs - usually does not have a dorsal stripe |
|
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What acts as a lever, stores minerals and is the site of blood cell formation in the horse's body?
|
Bones
|
|
|
How many teeth does a young horse have?
|
24
|
|
|
What kind of vision does the horse use to judge distance?
|
Binocular vision.
|
|
|
What part of the hoof should bear weight?
|
sole
|
|
|
how many bones compose the forearm of the horse?
|
2
|
|
|
What four parts of the digestive tract make up the foregut?
|
mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
|
|
|
What is another name for the knee bones?
|
Carpals (carpus bones).
|
|
|
What is the ideal slope of the shoulder?
|
45 - 50 degrees.
|
|
|
Describe base-wide conformation.
|
The horse's feet are wider at the ground than at their origin at the chest.
|
|
|
How many bones does the horse have?
|
205
|
|
|
Name the 4 components of the horse's topline.
|
Withers, back, loin, croup.
|
|
|
What is the term for the point of the frog towards the toe?
|
apex
|
|
|
Describe the foot-fall sequence of a horse cantering on the right lead.
|
Hind left, fore left and hind right together, fore right.
|
|
|
What is the horse's counterpart to the human knee?
|
Stifle
|
|
|
What is forging and when does it most commonly occur?
|
A gait defect in which a hind foot contacts a front foot on the same side. It is commonly heard when a horse is trotting.
|
|
|
What is the integument?
|
The skin and hair that covers the horse's body and forms the boundary between the animal and its environment/
|
|
|
How much does the hoof wall grow per month?
|
1/8 - 1/4 inch.
|
|
|
What is another name for the third metatarsal or metacarpal bones?
|
Cannon bone.
|
|
|
The brain, brain stem, and spinal cord make up what system?
|
Central Nervous System.
|
|
|
Which hears better; stallion, mare or gelding?
|
stallion
|
|
|
Do the front legs or hindlegs have the most joints?
|
Hindlegs (7).
|
|
|
What is the term of the horny growth on the inside of the horse's legs, above the knees and below the hocks?
|
Chestnut.
|
|
|
Where on the horse would there be no sweat glands?
|
legs
|
|
|
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse's body?
|
Muscles.
|
|
|
What is another name for the metacarpophalangeal joint?
|
Fetlock joint.
|
|
|
What is a pre-purchase exam?
|
An exam that determines the overall soundness and health of the horse prior to its sale.
|
|
|
What are the two types of body hair on a horse?
|
Dense undercoat and guard hairs.
|
|
|
What is a spasmodic muscle contraction that produces heat, especially in cold weather?
|
shivering
|
