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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coronary artery disease |
Accounts for most of cardiovascular deaths |
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Cvd atherosclerosis |
Thickening of an artery wall as a result of an invasion of white blood cells ,fatty streaks also known as plaque, underlying cause of 85% of cvd cases |
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Cvd myocardial ischemia |
Imbalance of oxygen supply |
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Symptoms of stable angina lessen |
With cessation of exercise |
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Maximum capacity of exercise is limited in the ischemic person by what |
Insufficient myocardial oxygen supply |
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What kind of prescription should the HFS prescribed to an experiment person |
One that safely avoids ischemic threshold or heart rate at which angina symptoms develop |
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How does exercise decrease the risk of clotting in cvd patients |
It decreases blood platelet adhesiveness fibrinogen levels and blood viscosity |
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Regular exercise increases |
Angiogenesis development of new blood vessels |
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Cvd fitt considerations |
Five or more days per week, 10 to 15 minutes bouts, 2 to 3 times per day intensity below the ischemic threshold, 10 - 15 BPM ,goal is to progress to 60 Minutes of aerobic exercise per day, resistance training same as general population |
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Cvd contraindications |
Unstable angin, 200/110 mmHg blood pressure blood pressure drop greater than 20 mmhg, recent embolism, uncontrolled diabetes, dysrhythmias, aortic stenosis, third degree atrioventricular block |
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Hypertension |
Persistent elevation in systolic or diastolic blood pressure 140/90 |
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Primary hypertension |
No identified cause |
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Secondary hypertension |
Identifiable causes |
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Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes |
Weight reduction, Dash eating plan, reduction in saturated and total fat, reduced of sodium to 2 grams per day, physical activity. moderation of alcohol consumption |
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Typical bp response for the healthy population |
Systolic increases and diastolic Remains the Same |
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typical BP response for the hypertensive person |
Increase will be more exaggerated |
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Can a person with severe hypertension begin exercise |
Only after drug therapy |
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What's a contradiction BP for hypertensives |
Resting BP of 200/115, even with drug therapy |
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When to terminate hypertensive exercise |
If BP reaches over 220/105, BP must return to resting values before resumption next exercise period Is completed at lower intensities |
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Steps to take after hypertensive exercise |
Longer cool down. Periods where BP is monitored closely |
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Diabetes |
A decrease in the production release and our Effectiveness in action of insulin type 1 and type 2 |
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How does physical activity compared to drug therapy for diabetic patients |
Lifestyle modification group produced Diabetes by 58% compared to control, life modification rate reduction was 31% lower than the drug group |
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Long-term complications of diabetes |
Heart disease, two to four times higher risk of stroke, 75% higher blood pressure, kidney disease, blindness, 60- 70% with nervous system disease, 60% lower limb amputations, dental disease and pregnancy complications |
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Role of exercise in diabetic patients |
Improve insulin sensitivity and lowered LDL and increasing HDL |
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Diabetes fitt considerations |
Aerobic 5 to 7 days per week 50 80% of heart rate Reserve 20 minutes per day try to get 60 minutes, resistance training 60 to 80% 1rm, 2-3 three sets eight to 12 reps |
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Diagnosis of metabolic disease |
Three or more if need be greater or equal to 100 milligrams/DG, waist circumference of 40 plus in men or 35 Plus in women, low HDL of 40 negative in men in 50 negative and women, Chad glycerides 150 positive milligrams/dl |
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When do you give a diabetic a carb snack |
If pre exercise or during exercise blood glucose is less than 70 milligrams, have to have 100 milligrams before restarting exercise |
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Diabetes contradictions |
Pre-exercise blood glucose levels less than 250 milligrams with blood ketones less than 300 milligrams, when active retinal Hemorrhage is present or recent laser corrective surgery took place |
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Diabetes special considerations |
Exercising with supervision to reduce the risk of problems associated with hypoglycemic events, exercises not recommended during Peak insulin action because hypoglycemia may result, late evening exercising is not recommended |
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When does regular insulin peak |
1.5 - 2.5 hours |
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Hyperlipidemia |
Elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels triglycerides 200 + LDL 130 + risk of atherosclerosis |
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What are HDLs responsible for |
Removal of lipids in the circulation of blood |
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Hyperlipidemia therapeutic Lifestyle Changes |
Weight management, physical activity, decrease alcohol, less than 200 milligrams of cholesterol a day, less than 7% saturated fat intake, increase fiber, fish oil and flaxseed |
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Blood lipid guidelines |
Total cholesterol 200- recommended, 200 - 239 borderline High, 240 + high, hdl: 40-low, 60+high, ldl: 100-optimal, 100-129 near optional, 130-159 borderline high, 160-189 high, 190+ high triglycerides: 150- |
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Pulmonary disease types |
Chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma |
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Emphysema |
Permanent enlargement of air space along with necrosis of alveolar walls cause an accumulation of air in lung tissue |
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Asthma |
Inflammation and increase smooth muscle constriction in the lungs and response to various stimuli |
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Pulmonary disease fitt considerations |
Aerobic exercise 3 to 5 days a week using dyspnea scale, 20 minutes per session, goal of 60 minutes |
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Pursed lip breathing |
Breathing out of a small Orphus increase the pressure which is maintaining the Airways open |
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Pulmonary disease special considerations |
Need constant oxygen saturation, monitoring keep around 90%, cheap fast acting inhalers close, exercise time is mid to late morning, avoid high temperatures and humidity |
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Over the counter medication |
Cold and flu meds contain ephedrine, diabetes avoid otc's with sugar, clients on NSAIDs affect blood pressure |
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Most common classes of cvd prescription drugs |
Beta blockers, CCBs, ACE inhibitors digitalis diuretics cholesterol-lowering meds |
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Beta blockers |
Lower heart rate and myocardial contractility increase Exercise capacity by decreasing ischemia blunts heart rate response have olol ending |
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Ccbs andACE inhibitors |
Treat hypertension and congestive heart failure increase arterial diameter listening blood pressure increase in workload of the heart CCB stand in dipine, ace end in opril or April |
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Cholesterol lowering drugs |
Very little effect on heart rate and contractility |
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Statin's and fibric acid |
Associated with unusual muscle soreness |
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Digitalis |
Increase contractility slows rate mediates arrhythmias |
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Diuretics |
Decreases blood volume increase blood pressure increases rhR and increases heart rate |
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Traumatic injury types |
Strain or sprain occurs when an eccentric Lee applied contractile Force to tissue occurs in an excessively stretched state |
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Strain |
Injury to muscle or tendon |
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Function of the muscle tendon unit MTU |
Serve to generate Force concentric contraction to create movement and eccentric contraction to resist the load |
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What mtu's experience the most trains |
Calf and quads |
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First grade of a strain |
Inflammation edema hemorrhage (rice) |
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2nd grade of a strain |
Muscle pain strength loss (rice and immobilization) |
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3rd grade of a strain |
Painless, complete MTU Tear Joint, instability, surgery |
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Sprain |
Injury to a ligament |
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Ligaments |
Collagenous fibers structures that connect to bone, provide passive soft tissue with strength of bone to bone contact |
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What site experiences the most sprains |
Ankles |
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First grade of a sprain |
Discomfort functional (rice) |
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2nd grade of a sprain |
Pain, inflammation, moderate instability, (rice and immobilization) |
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3rd grade of a sprain |
Instability, complete tear of ligament, surgery |
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Phases of tissue repair |
1 inflammation 2 to 3 days, 2: repair up to 2 months, 3: remodeling 2 - 4 months |
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Preventive strategies for risk of injury |
Warm up 5 to 7 minutes prior to vigorous exercise, static stretch of 15 to 30 seconds after the general warm-up, balance regular physical activities sports with resistance activities, avoid Sports when tired or fatigued |
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Overuse injuries tendinopathy |
Pathological change in the tendon due to repeated stress or micro traumas |
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Common sites for tendinopathy |
Rotator cuff common wrist flexor and extensor tendons patellar tendon and achilles tendon |
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Common cause of tendinopathy |
Overload injuries that disrupt the MTU and are accompanied with swelling and acute pain |
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Types of tendinopathy |
Tendonitis in tendinosis |
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Tendonitis |
Acute inflammatory tendinopathy |
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Tendinosis |
Significant degenerative changes in the absence of inflammatory response |
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Should the client continue to exercise with tendinopathy |
Conservation treatment with rest ice and stretching |
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Recovery period |
Up to 6 months for some symptoms to subside then strengthening of the affected area |
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Overuse injuries plantar fascitis |
Typically from repeated trauma to the origin of the plantar fascia on the medial calcaneal tubercle |
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What predisposes people to PF |
Tight plantar flexor muscles along with either PES planus, flat foot, or pes cavus, high arch |
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What is pain management often accomplished with |
Nsaids, ice, massage,minimize extra excess stress on fascia, no barefoot walking |
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Fitt for tendinopathy |
Resistance training, eccentric 3 to 4 times per week, 6 to 15 reps, 3 to 4 sets with bodyweight, continue until pain appears, flexibility- passive muscle elongation, Daily 3 reps 30 seconds |
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Fitt for plantar fascitis |
Flexibility gentle fascial stretch or toe flexors 3 times a day 10 reps 20 seconds |
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Lower back pain causes |
Disc compression, degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, various joint and bone pathologies, and muscle imbalances |
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What percent of adults get low back pain during their lifetime |
60 - 80% |
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Fitt for back pain |
Aerobic- fast walking daily, build up to 30 minutes per day, resistance- curl ups and bridging, two to three times a week, High Reps, low loads, flexibility- limit exercise to unloaded flexion/ extension |
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Lower back pain special considerations |
Morning exercise should be avoided because of disc hydration, high impact loading exercises should be avoided |
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Stages of core stabilization |
1 small deep stabilizing muscles 2 Co contraction of deep recruiting muscles + movement of extremities 3 both above stages + recruiting a larger stabilizer and more functional positions |
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Medication for overuse injuries |
Analgesics may be used to decrease pain and inflammation, some analgesics make calls and GI bleeding with chronic use, multiple studies document the adverse effects of fascial or tendon degeneration and or rupture resulting from injections |
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Chronic conditions |
Prolonged, don't resolve spontaneously, rarely cured completely, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis |
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What percent of healthcare costs are due to Chronic conditions |
75% |
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Rheumatoid arthritis |
Autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial lining of joints and other connective tissues |
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Ra symptoms |
Severe joint pain and inflammation, reduce muscle mass, decreased muscular strength and endurance, and decreased mobility, and impaired physical activity |
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Osteoarthritis |
A relatively common chronic degenerative joint disease that is more prevalent with age, deficient and articular cartilage of a synovial joint, bone remodeling and overgrowth at the Joint margins |
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Fitt for arthritis |
Aerobic- walking and rolling 3 to 5 days per week 60 to 80% maximum 5 minutes and build to 30 minutes, resistance- weight machines 2 to 3 days per week, pain tolerance, 2 - 3 reps and build to 10 to 12 reps, 1 set and build to 3 sets |
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Osteoporosis |
Characterized by low bone density or bone mass and deterioration of the bone microarchitecture and or geometry |
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How is osteoporosis |
Bmd score of -2.5, standard deviations from the mean |
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Primary osteoporosis |
Age-related |
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Secondary osteoporosis |
Due to other factors |
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What years are critical for lifestyle behaviors |
Pre-pubertal years from 10 to 12 |
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Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis |
Physical inactivity, low calcium intake 500 to 800 milligrams/dl, vitamin D deficiency, soda consumption, low strength, low body weight, low testosterone in males |
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How does exercise prevent osteoporosis |
By increasing bone formation osteoblast cell activity and reducing bone reabsorbing osteoclast activity |
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Strategies to enhance bone health |
Maximize bone mass, maximize Peak bone mass, reduce age-related bone loss, prevent Falls, avoid other risk factors for osteoporosis and Fracture, reduce pain, reduce disability |
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Fitt for osteoporosis |
Aerobics 3 to 5 days per week, 40 to 60% hrr, 30 - 60 minutes, Resistance- 2 to 3 days per week moderate-intensity no high impact |
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Children body size |
Both weight and height increase with age, accelerated growth period during puberty at 12 for girls and 14 for boys, females have 30% less skeletal muscle mass than men |
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Factors that determine Peak bone mass |
Genetics 80%, fetal, hormonal, dietary, physical |
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Children's CRF |
Heart rate at rest is between 100 to 110 BPM, children recover faster from acute exercise, have greater oxygen cost than adults |
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Children muscular strength and flexibility |
Increase with age, related to body weight and muscle mass increases, girls outperform boys and flexibility measures and balance |
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Do children or adults rate perceived exertion lower |
Children |
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Children thermoregulation |
Children can't cool themselves as effectively, threshold temperature is higher, sweat gland count is higher, but gland output is lower |
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Fitt for children |
Aerobics- 60 Minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per day, 3 days per week, 15 minutes bouts, resistance- 1-3 sets, 6 to 15 reps, nonconsecutive days start with light weights and progressed by 5 - 10% |
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Pregnancy- relaxin |
Increase of this hormone, raises threshold of mechanoreceptors AKA |
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What happens to Q SV HR O2 uptake and Vascular resistance |
All increase except for vascular resistance |
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What happened to sub Max HR and VO2 response |
Both increase |
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Exercise benefits during pregnancy |
Improve circulation, decreased edema, reduces the risk of gestational diabetes |
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What type of exercise to avoid during third trimester |
Supine |
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How much water should a pregnant woman consume |
One pint prior to exercise and one cup every 20 minutes during exercise |
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Fitt for pregnancy |
Five to seven days per week, 30 minutes, moderate intensity of 40 to 60% hrr, resistance- large muscle groups, 12 to 15 reps or to fatigue |
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Older adults body changes |
Increase percent fat and body weight, decrease Titian body water content, decreasing neuromotor function |
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Older adults CRF and thermoregulation |
Vessels become stiffer and elasticity is lost in cardiac tissue, higher ve and BP and lower VO2 difference, lower overall Exercise capacity, number and activity of sweat glands decreases |
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Fitt for older adults |
Aerobic- general adults with frequency over duration/intensity. Resistance- 2-3 days/week, hold for 10-30 seconds. Neuromotor- improves balance, agility, gait, & proprioception |
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what are balance and postural stability affected by |
Sensory and motor system changes |
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Balance in the elderly is affected by |
Muscle weakness inflexibility degradation of neuromuscular function obesity in Visual and vestibular deterioration |
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What percent of people with spirits of all over age 65 and 75 |
30% + 50% |
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Neuromuscular training |
Includes balance agility and proprioceptive training, has been demonstrated to decrease risk of Falls |
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Orr, Raymond & fiatarone study |
The benefits of exercise a company with balance training is more beneficial for older adults |
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When is balance maintained |
When the Cog remains over the BOS |
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What's the general technique for balance training |
Narrowing base of support for the body, displacing the center of gravity to the limits of Tolerance, removing contributions of visual vestibular and proprioceptive pathways |
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Nitrates and cholesterol lowering drugs |
Seem to have very little effect on heart rate and contractility |
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Statins alone or in combo with fibric acid |
Associated with unusual muscle soreness |
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Digitalis |
Increases contractility slows rate and mediate arrhythmias |
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Diuretics |
Trigger the kidney to excrete water lowers volume, less preload, and increased heart rate |
