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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Potential weakness at ___, in women who have given birth
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urogenital hiatus (containing urethra and vagina)
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Hemorrhoids:
Varicosities of the ___. Internal are called ___. They can prolapse and become ___. External are covered by ___. |
-internal or external rectal plexuses
-piles -strangulated -skin |
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What part of the urethra is affected by BPH?
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Prostatic urethra (4cm long) [affected by BPH]
Receives the ejaculatory ducts. Most distensible part of urethra |
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
Affects men in their ___ and older. Hypertrophy blocks ___. ___ – most common symptom ___ – difficult or painful urination |
-50s
-urethra -Nocturia (get up many times at night to use bathroom) -Dysuria s. 96 |
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Prostate carcinoma/ prostatic adenocarcinoma:
70% involve ___ zone “Gold standard” treatment – ___. Nerve sparing radical prostectomy done to preserve ___ function. |
-peripheral
-radical prostectomy -erectile s. 96 |
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What ligament of the ovaries contains its nerves and vessels?
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suspensory ligament of the ovaries
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Hysterosalpingogram:
At times the uterine tubes get block with mucus. Blockage inhibits sperm from reaching and fertilizing ovum. Hysterosalpingogram uses a water soluble radiopaque dye to visualize ___. Dye should fill tubes and enter ___ through the abdominal os. |
-uterus and uterine tubes
-peritoneal cavities s. 118 |
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Spread of Infection:
The spread of dye into the peritoneal cavity in the previous slide makes a very important point. INFECTIONS IN THE VAGINA AND UTERUS CAN SPREAD INTO THE ___ AND THEREBY CAUSE ___. |
-PERITONEAL CAVITY
-PERITONITIS s. 120 |
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Culdoscopy:
Access to rectouterine pouch via the ___ of the vagina. |
posterior fornix
s. 124 |
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Uterine Prolapse:
Major support of the pelvic viscera is by the ___. The ligaments serve as moorings to ___ the organs within the pelvis. Problems develop in women, in particular, after pregnancy and childbirth weaken the muscle of the ___. The most severe consequence of pelvic diaphragm weakness is vaginal prolapse. A more common malady, in women, is stress incontinence. Kegel exercises were devised to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. |
-pelvic diaphragm
-stabilize -pelvic diaphragm s. 132 |
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Stress Incontinence:
Some people believe that the female urethral sphincter is not as competent as that in the male. The idea for normal continence is that the architecture of the normal pelvic floor allows ___ to exert a sphincter-like action at the neck of the bladder. In stress incontinence, the ___ slips through the pelvic diaphragm, moving it below the effects of intraabdominal pressure. ___ weakens the pelvic diaphragm and thereby allows the neck of the bladder to slip inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. |
-intra-abdominal pressure
-neck of the bladder -Childbirth s. 133 |
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Pelvic Nerves:
Pelvic structures innervated by ___ nerves. ___ emerge between digitations of piriformis and coccygeus muscles. ___ form the lumbosacral trunk that unites with sacral plexus. |
-sacral (S2,S3 and S4) and coccygeal
-S2 and S3 anterior rami -L4 and L5 |
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Sciatic nerve (___)
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L4-S3
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Superior gluteal nerve (___)
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L4,L5,S1
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Inferior gluteal nerve (___)
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L5,S1,S2
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Pudendal nerve (___) supplies perineum
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S2,S3,S4
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Nerve to levator ani and coccygeus (___)
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S3,S4
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Pelvic splanchnics
parasympathetic (___) |
S2, S3, S4
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Sacral splanchnics
Sympathetics Preganglionics in ___ spinal cord Postganglionics in ___ trunks |
-L1,L2
-sacral sympathetic |
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Sacral splanchnic nerves are ___
Pelvic splanchnic nerves are ___ |
-sympathetics (Sypmathetics, sacral)
-parasympathetics, S2-S4 (Parasymp, pelvic) |
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Cavernous nerve, part of what nerve plexus?
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prostatic plexus
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Internal Iliac Artery:
Posterior division – mainly body wall -What arteries? |
-Superior gluteal artery
-Iliolumbar artery -Lateral sacral arteries |
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Differences between Male and Female Arteries:
Uterine a. vs. ___ Vaginal a. is off uterine a. |
inferior vesical a.
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What is the relationship of the prostate to the bladder and the rectum?
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Inferior to bladder and anterior to rectum
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How does prostate cancer metastasize to the vertebral column?
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Via prostatic plexus to Batson’s plexus [no valves] in spinal column
s. 100 |
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What nerves are involved in erection and how might they be damaged by a radical prostectomy?
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Parasympathetics in the cavernous nerves
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While ligating the uterine artery during surgery, what structure must the surgeon be cognizant?
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Ureter (water under the bridge)
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To what lymph nodes does uterine cancer metastasize?
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Internal iliac mainly, posterolateral uterus along round ligament to superficial inguinal
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To where do the ovarian veins drain? Within what structure do they lie?
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Right to IVC; left, left renal vein; suspensory ligament of ovary
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