4. Nonspecific (Innate Defenses) Take 2

Front 1

what are interferons

Back 1

a type of cytokine that is released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities and act as a hormone to affect the whole body

can trigger produciton of antiviral proteins

Front 2

what releases interferons

Back 2

activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and virus-infected cells

Front 3

what do antiviral proteins do

Back 3

they do not kill the viruses, but they block their replication in the host cell

Front 4

what are the three types of interferons

Back 4

alpha beta and gamma

Front 5

where are alpha and beta interferons produced

Back 5

by leukocytes

Front 6

what can attract and stimulate NK cells

Back 6

interferons

Front 7

where are gamma interferons secreted

Back 7

by T cells and NK ceclls

Front 8

what do gamma interferons do

Back 8

they stimulate macrophage activity and create widespread immune mobilization

Front 9

interferons indirectly fight cancer how?

Back 9

they activate natural killer cells and macrophages

Front 10

what have artificial interferons been used to treat

Back 10

Hep C, genital warts, MS, hairy cell leukemia

Front 11

what is the complement

Back 11

"marker for inflammation"

-plasma that comtains ~20 special complement (C) proteins that complement antibody action

Front 12

what proteins are a part of the complement system

Back 12

C1-C9, factors B, D, and P, and regulatory proteins

Front 13

what is the complement systema majormechanism for

Back 13

destorying foreign substances

Front 14

what cells contains complement activation inhibitors

Back 14

all of our cells

Front 15

the classical complement pathway

Back 15

is the fast method

-C1 is bound to (fixed) to the antibody that is attached to the antigen (bacteria)

-once bound C1 catalyzes chain reaction between other proteins

Front 16

the alternative complement pathway

Back 16

slow method (no antibodies involved)

-involves the exposure to the antigen on the surface of a pathogen

(B, D, P)

Front 17

the lectin pathway

Back 17

slow method (no antibodies)

-after macrophages digest microbes, they release substances that tell the liver to produce lectins

-these lectins bind to the microbes

-this causes the activation of C3

Front 18

all complement pathways end with what

Back 18

the conversino of C3 (inactive complememt nprotein) to C3a and C3b (active form)

Front 19

what are effects of complement activation

Back 19

1-inflammation (histamine release)

2-promoting chemotaxis

3-opsonization

4-destruction of target cell

Front 20

the 5 complement proteins join to form what

Back 20

the membrane attack complex (MAC)

-this allows us int he cell to kill the pathogen

Front 21

what is infammation

Back 21

a localized inflammatory response that is triggered by any stimulus that kills or injures tissues

Front 22

what are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

Back 22

swelling (tumor)

redness (rubor)

heat (calor)

pain (dolor)

Front 23

what are the 4 effects of inflammation

Back 23

1- temporary repair and barrier against pathogens

2- slows spread of pathogens

3- mobilization of local and systemic defenses and facilitation of repairs

4-alerts adaptive immune system

Front 24

what does inflammation begin with

Back 24

chemicals (prostaglandins, proteins, K ions) into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, blood proteins

Front 25

what are toll like receptors

Back 25

they recognize specific classes of infecting microbes and release cytokines that promote inflammation

Front 26

wher can you find toll-like receptors

Back 26

in macrophages and epithelial cells

Front 27

what do injured cells release to encourage inflammation

Back 27

prostaglandins

proteins

K ions

Front 28

what do changes in interstitial environment stimulate (inflammation)

Back 28

mast cells

Front 29

what do mast cells do (inflammation)

Back 29

they release histamine and heparin

Front 30

what does histamine do 9inflammation)

Back 30

increases capillary permeability and vasodilation

Front 31

what does heparin do (inflammation)

Back 31

inhibits clotting

Front 32

what does an increase in capillary permeability do to movement to tissue

Back 32

it promotes exudate movement to tissues which includes

-clotting factors and antibodies .

this causes the swelling which pushes on nerve endings which causes pain

(the pain can also be from toxins, prostaglandins and kinins)

Front 33

what do complement proteins do in inflammation

Back 33

break down bacteria, attract phagocytes and stimulate histamine release

Front 34

tissue repair; what do clotting factors do

Back 34

form a fibrin mesh which is like a scaffold for repair

it also isolates the area so invaders can't spread

Front 35

tissue repair; macrophages

Back 35

clean up the pathogens and cell debris

Front 36

tissue repair; fibroblasts

Back 36

form scar tissue

Front 37

necrosis (inflammation)

Back 37

local tissue destruction in area of injury

Front 38

pus (inflammation)

Back 38

mixutre of debris and necrotic tissue, neutrophils

Front 39

abscess (inflammation)

Back 39

pus accumulated in an enclosed space