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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hippocrates
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believed ppl differ in fundamental ways, could be divided into Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine, and Phlegmatic (thought to reflect an excess of 1 of 4 basic bodily fluids)
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Choleric
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irritable. High Neuroticism & Extravert
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Melancholic
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depressed. High Neuroticism & Introvert
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Sanguine
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Optimistic. Low Neuroticism & Extravert
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Phlegmatic
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calm. Low Neuroticism & Introvert
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Jung
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in 1933 argued people were either extraverts or introverts
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extravert
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prefer to spend time w/ others, and when facing stress seek out other people
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Introverts
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prefer solitary activites, and when facing stress tend to withdraw to themselves
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Trait theories assume
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people occupy different points on continuously varying dimensions
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traits
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qualities that people carry around with them, that belong to them, that are apart of them
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Nomothetic view
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- belief traits exist in the same way in every person, universal
- everyone stands somewhere on each trait that exists which allows comparison among people -from the greek meaning "law" - comparisons among indv. is possible |
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Idiographic view
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- emphasizes each person's uniqueness. Traits are individualized
- a given trait may exist for only one person in the world - even if connotations the same, importance differs - comparisons may not be possible, too oversimplified |
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Types
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- Discontinuous categories (ex. introverts vs. extraverts)
- Represents qualitative differences in people - Labeling convenience - Often viewed as biologically or genetically based |
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Traits
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- Continuous dimensions (ex. sociability, aggressiveness)
- Represent quantitative differences in people - Individual differences reflect differences in amount of a trait |
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How do you bring order to such diversity?
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Factor analysis
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Factor analysis
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a statistical way for decomposing large number of intercorrelations into basic underlying dimensions
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Caveat
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what you get out of factor analysis depends on what you put into it
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Steps in Factor Analysis
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1. Collect measurements on many variables
- self reports, observations from many ppl 2. Compute correlations between all pairs of variables 3. Extract factors 4. Label factors based on factor loadings |
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2. Compute Correlations
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computed between every pair of variables. Set of correlalation is then put through Factor Extraction
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3. Factor Extraction:
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- puts correlations into smaller set of factors
- each factor represents shared variations among several measures rather than 2 at a time |
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3. Factor Loadings
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correlations between the factor and each item (rating) that contributes to its existence 4.0 correlation or higher "loads on" to that factors
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4. Labeling the factors
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Factors are defined by which items load on it, be careful when labeling bc the label is what it becomes whether or not it really describes it or not.
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Factor analysis....
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-reduces multiple reflections of personality to a smaller set of traits
-provides a basis for arguing that some traits matter more than others -helps in developing assessment devices -its only a tool, tells us what to put into it, not what to measure |
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How do you decide nature of personality
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Empirical and theoretical approach
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Empirical Approach
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- Cattell
- use the languages to find 171 trait names then used factor analysis to find 16 primary traits |
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Lexical criterion
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the more words for a quality of personality, the more it probably matters
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Theoretical Approach
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-Eysenck
- you could figure out personality by two super traits Extraversion (vs. introversion) and Neuroticism (aka emotional stability) |
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Extraversion (vs. introversion)
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tendencies toward sociability, liveliness, activeness, and dominance
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Neuroticism (aka emotional stability)
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concerns the ease and frequency with which the person becomes upset and distressed
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How did Cattell and Eysenck use factor analysis?
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Catell- to find out what dimensions exist
Eysenck- to refine his scales, selecting items that loaded well, and to confirm that the scales measure two factors he intended |
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Interpersonal Circle
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- Wiggins
- A set of 8 patterns that stemmed around 2 dimensions: Dominance and Love - Ex. High dominance and cold hearted- arrogant and calculating |
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Five Factor Model
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- Fiske
- refined model of Cattel's 16. Has been argued some factors even apply to other animals |
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Five Factors
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- There are disagreements, naming the factors are hard (with diff connotations for words and all)
- Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Intellect |
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Extraversion
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sometimes assertiveness, spontaneity, energy, sometimes based in dominance and confidence
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Neuroticism
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(emotional stability)- eysenck. The subjective experience of anxiety and general distress
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Agreeableness
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reflecting a concern with maintaining relationships. Opposite pole of dimension has antagonistic quality verging
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Conscientiousness
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(may not be perfect name for this factor) thought of as will to achieve or simply will. Or constraint, responsibility
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Intellect
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(may be biggest disagreement) something with culture and openness to experience
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Reflections of the Five Factors in behavior
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at first people focused on showing that they exist in diverse cultues, now looking at how they are expressed throughout ppls lives
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Relations to earlier trait models
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-In Eysenck's theory two factors are in big five model and in Wiggins interpsonal circle ppl say dominance could be extraversion and love could be agreeableness
-earlier models helped form the big five model |
