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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 ways in which meat and poultry inspection provide consumer protection.
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1 - eliminated diseased meat
2 - esthetic factors 3 - clean equipment and environment 4 - labeling |
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What did the meat inspection act of 1906 apply to?
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interstate trade and export only
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What important things did the wholesome meat act of 1967 do to add to the meat inspection act of 1906?
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1 - ALL meat must be inspected whether inter or intrastate
2 - imported meat must undergo same inspection standards 3 - either state or federal inspection needed 4 - federal govt. would pay half if state established their own service 5 - poultry included; must be federally inspected to enter interstate commerce 6 - inspection of processing plants that made meat products |
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Are custom slaughter plants subject to inspection for sanitation and equipment?
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yes
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How many chickens and how many turkeys can farmers market directly to consumers per year
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chickens - 1000
turkeys - 250 Small processors are 5000 turkeys and 10,000 chickens |
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Is poultry covered under the Humane slaughter act of 1978?
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no
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What are the five methods of human slaugher?
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1 - captive bolt piston (penetrating/non-penetrating)
2 - gunshot 3 - carbon dioxide (60% CO2 with atmospheric air; 15 seconds) 4 - electrical stunning 5 - Kosher slaughter |
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How can an animal be dispositioned at slaughter?
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passed, condemned, suspect
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What is 3D?
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dead, dying, or drugged
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When are suspect animals killed?
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at the end of the day
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When is an animal deemed suspect?
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if the animal has a local or chronic pathological condition which may affect the carcas being passed
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What is the disposition of an animal that has CNS signs that are chronic in nature - like a head tilt?
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slaughtered as suspect
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At what temperature are animals condemned?
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cattle and sheep - greater than 105
swine - greater than 106 |
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When are animals with Lumpy jaw condemned?
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if they are cachectic
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How are TB reactors classified?
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suspects
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How are brucella reactors classified?
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-treated like any other animal, unless they are a goat - then they are condemned due to the pathogenicity of B. melitensis
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Which are condemned?
localized vs. generalized? acute vs. chronic? |
generalized
acute |
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What LNs are evaluated on PM inspection?
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1 - parotid
2 - retropharygeal 3 - mandibular 4 - atlanto-occipital |
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What are some methods of destroying inedible or condemned product?
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1 - hashing
2 - rendering 3 - incineration 4 - denaturing |
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What are the general lesions for septicemia, pyemia, or toxemia?
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congestion, hyperemia, petechial hemorrhages, tissue edema, or lymphadenopathy
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What happens to cattle that are TB reactors and no evidence in LNs?
Evidence in the LNs? |
passed for cooking
-condemned |
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Where do cattle localize TB?
Swine? |
Cattle - respiratory system
Swine - GI system |
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If lesions are found in the mesenteric and femoral LNs of swine, but no where else, what happens to the carcas?
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passed - restricted
cooking only - cooked at 170 F for 30 minutes |
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Is arthritis a reason for condemnation?
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not unless there are systemic changes
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Where should attention be paid for Taenia saginata?
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heart and masseter muscles
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What happens if measly beef is found?
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cut out cysts and hold at -15F for 15 days
-restricted for cooking -cysts are also killed by cooking at 140F |
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Who is the definitive host for Taeinia solium in swine?
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humans
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Is trichinoisis found on regular PM exam?
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No
-all pork should be considered infected |
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How do you kill trichina cysts?
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heating to 131F (plants are required to heat to 137)
also can kill by freezing to -40F |
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Why is the liver condemned when it has ascaris suum (milk spots)?
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esthetics
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Why do animals get sawdust livers?
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fed high grain diets
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Why are emaciated and cachectic animals condemned?
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-emaciated - esthetics
- cachectic - system effects of disease |
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How are the following neoplasias handled:
-embryonal nephroma -lymphoma -SCC |
-embryonal nephroma (passed
-lymphoma (condemned) -SCC (look at parotid LNs for met - if met. then condemn) |
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What is the name of Hantavirus?
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Sin Nombre virus
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How do you acquire Hantavirus?
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inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta
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What is the reservoir for hantavirus?
where is virus shed? |
deer mouse, rodent
-virus shed in urine, feces, saliva |
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What is the incubation of Hanta Virus?
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2 weeks or more
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What is the percentage of animals that develop clincial signs of hantavirus die?
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50%
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What does Hantavirus progress to?
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-fever, fatique, chills, myalgia, headache
-cough that leads to rapidly progressive bilateral pneumonia and respiratory failure |
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What are the arboviruses?
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St. Louis encephalitis; West Nile Virus; Easter/Western/Venezuelan Equine encephalitis; laCross Encephalitis
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What specific type of virus is St. Louis encephalitis?
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flavivirus
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Where is St. Louis encephalitis endemic?
When does it occur most often? |
in rural west
-clustered in low socio-economic and older neighborhoods -occurs in second half of summer and early fall |
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How is St. Louis Encephalitis acquired?
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mosquitoes
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What is the reservoir for St. Louis encephalitis?
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passerine birds
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What percentage of people with St. Louis encephaltiis are clinically apparent?
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1%
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What are the clinical signs of St. Louis encephalitis?
who is most at risk? |
fever, headache, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis
7% fatality -older people |
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Who can act as a sentinel for St. L encephalitis?
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chickens
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What type of virus is west nile virus?
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flavi
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How is west nile aquired?
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mosquitoes, blood transfusion
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What is the reservoir for West Nile?
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birds
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What percentage of humans with west nile virus are asmptomatic?
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80
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What are the mild symptoms of WNV? How long do they last?
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headache, fever, sore throat, back ache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy
-last for weeks |
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What are the more severe symptoms of WNV that occur in 1/150 people?
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high fever, headache, stiff neck, muscle weakness, disorientation, coma, treamors, convulsions, vision loss, numbness, paralysis
-also neurological signs -symptoms may last several weeks |
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What symptoms do horses with WNV have?
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fever, encephalomyelitis
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What type of virus is EEEncephalitis?
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Alpha
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What is EEE less common than?
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St. Louis and WEE
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How is EEE tranmissed and what is the reservoir?
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mosquitoes
-passerine birds and water fowl |
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What percentage of cased of EEE are fatal?
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65%
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What are the clinical signs to EEE?
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fever, headache, vomiting, lethargy, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis delirium and coma
-sequela - mental retardation, paralysis |
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Where is WEE endemic?
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rurual west
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What percentage of cases with WEE are fatal?
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3-14 %
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What are the clinical signs to WEE?
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fever, headache, stiff neck, spastic paralysis, mental confusion
-personality change and spastic paralysis in children |
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Who is most likely to get WEE?
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young adults and children under one
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What 2 strains does VEE have?
Who gets what? |
epidemic and endemic
endemic - mosquitoes and rodents epidemic - horses first, then humans and mosquitoes |
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How is VEE different than the other types alphaviruses that cause encephalitis?
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birds are not involved
-humans get it from mosquitoes feeding off of infected equines -can get human to human transmission - as in the phaynx (40%) |
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What is the fatality of VEE?
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1% - mostly subclinical infections
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What are the symptoms of VEE?
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fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, encephalitis
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What type of virus is LaCross encephalitis?
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Bunyavirus
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What is LaCross virus assoicated with and who is most susceptible?
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-oak forests
-mainly in children and adolescents |
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When does LaCross Encep occur?
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summer - late July
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What is the reservoir for LaCross Encephalitis and how is it transmitted?
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reservoir - mosquito - transovarian transmission and chipmunks and squirrels (subclinical)
transmitted thru mosquitoes |
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What are the symptoms of LaCross Encephalitis?
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-many are mild fevers
-clinical disease is fever, headache, siff neck, nausea, diarrhea, and encephalitis -low fatality - 1% |
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What type of virus is ovine contagious ecthyma?
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parapoxvirus
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How heardy is the ORF virus?
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very - resistant to dessication and survives in the scab for months
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How do people get orf?
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thru broken skin or abrasions
- self-innoculation with live vaccine |
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What is the reservoir for orf?
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small ruminants and camelids
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How long do the painful pustules and scabs of orf last and what is their incubation time?
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last 2-3 weeks
-incubation time is 3-7 days |
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Where do sheep, goats, alpaca and camels get orf?
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lips, eyelids, ears, chin, teats, udder, vulva
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What type of virus is lymphocytic choriomeningitis?
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arenavirus
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How do people end up with lymphocytic choriomeningitis?
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wild mice can infect hamsters and guinea pigs, and then can transmit the disease to humans
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How is lymphocytic choriomeningitis aquired?
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bites, breaks in skin, food contamination/ingestion
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What are signs of lymphocytic choriomeningitis similar to?
What about pregnant women? |
influenza, meningitis
prenatal damage to child - encephalitis, hydrocephaly, chorioretinitis |
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How do mice become persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis?
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transovarian and congenital infection
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What is the reservoir for herpes B infection?
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rhesus monkey (genus Macaca)
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What is the survival rate of humans that get herpes B?
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15% - all had chronic neruo signs
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What symptoms do animals have with herpes B?
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cold sores, blisters
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Are humans susceptible to herpes B?
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not very, incubation is 1-5 weeks
(fever, cephaligia, naudea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea, muscle pain, vertigo, diaphragmatic spasms then flaccid paralysis ) |
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How do you control herpes B?
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- -quarantine monkeys for 6-8 weeks
-eliminate monkeys with signs -house monkeys in small groups -clean bites well |
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What is the agent for avian flu?
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H5N1
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Where was the first case of avian flu?
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goose in China in 1996
-live outbreak in a market in HOng King - 1997 |
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when and where were the first human cases of H5N1?
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Hong Kong, feb 2003
-2 humans |
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How is avian flu spread?
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saliva, nasal secretions, and feces
-does not spread between people, but that is the worry bc people have very little immunity |
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What are the clinical signs of avian flu in humans and birds?
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humans - sore throat, fever, pneumonia, resp distress
animals - viral septicemia |
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What is the agent that causes swine flu?
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H1N1
-2 genes from swine -1 gene from birds -1 gene from humans -quadruple assortment |
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When and where where the first cases of swine flu reported?
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mexico
-first detected in US in 2009 (prominent virus for 2009-2010 season) |
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Do swine play a role in transmission of swine flu?
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no
-people can give it to swine though |
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What are the symptoms of swine flu?
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fever, sore throat, pneumonia, respiratory distress
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How do you prevent swine flu?
How do you prevent avian flu? |
swine - wash hands and personal hygiene
avian - restrict movement of poultry and slaughter surveillance |
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When and where was BSE first documented?
When was the first case reported in the US? |
1986 - England
peaked in 1993 with 1000 cases/week being reported US - De 2003 in a HOlstein originating from Canafa |
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What is the average age fore developing clinical signs of BSE?
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3-8
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What strain has been isolated in the US?
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H, atypical strain
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What are clinical signs of cows with BSE?
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coordination problems and are very nervous
-cattle stand away from the rest of the herd and exhibit muscle trembling |
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When is the infection of BSE picked up?
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early less than 6 months
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In 1997, what happened to try to prevent BSE in the US?
As of 2004 |
-ban on feeding mammalian derived animal protein feed to ruminants
as of 2004, downer animals are not allowed in food chain or cosmetics |
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Specified Risk material is removed from all animal feed to prevent BSE - what is this considered?
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brain, eyes, spinal cord, of cattle 30 months of age or older (eruption of 2nd pair of incisors)
-also some SI and tonsils from cattle of all ages |
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What type of virus is monkey pox?
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orthopox virus
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An outbreak of monkey pox in 2003 in the midwest occured because of what?
- in other words, what was it associated with |
- sick prarie dogs that were exposed to Gambian giant rats from an animal dealer
-humans had contact with these sick prarie dogs |
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What are the symptoms of monkey pox?
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vesicular and pustular rash similar to that of small pox
-prior to this humans may develop fever, headaches, and non-productive cough |
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How could you control monkey pox?
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vaccination with small pox vaccine
-wash hands -restrict import of wild animals |
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What type of virus is equine hendra virus?
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henipavirus
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What is the reservoir for Hendra Virus?
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BAts
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How do humans get hendra virus and where have the 2 cases occured?
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from horses
Australia |
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What are the symptoms of equine hendra virus?
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acute respiratory failure in horses
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What type of virus is the nipah virus?
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henipavirus (hendra-like)
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What two animals are suseptible to Nipah virus?
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humans and swine
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What are the symptoms of humans with nipah virus and what is the case fatality?
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fever, headache, myalgia, and encepahlitis - case fatality is 40%
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What are signs in pigs with nipah virus?
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increased respiratory rate and cough, aggression - neuro signs
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How is nipah virus transmitted?
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body fluids of pigs, aerosol transmission or urinary secretions
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Where was there an outbreak of nipah virus in 1999?
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Singapore and Malaysia
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What is the incubation period of rabies?
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2-8 weeks, can be up to one year
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What are the clinical signs of humans with rabies? How long do they last?
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anxiety, head ache, hyperesthesia, photophobia, swallowing dysfunction, spasms of respiratory muscles and generalized convulsions
-lasts 2-6 days |
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What are the 4 strains of rabies?
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fox, skunk, dog raccooon
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Where is the fox strain of rabies?
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texas, NY, canada, ne, midwest
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Where is the racoon strain of rabies?
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atlantic coast
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Where is the skunk strain of rabies?
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central US
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Is there viremia with rabies?
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no
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Which animals have different exposure criteria for rabies?
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bats
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An animal is considered vaccinated if the vaccine was administered at leas t how many days prior?
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28 days
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VA law states that all animals should be licensed prior to what age?
-this includes rabies |
4 months
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Any dog, cat or ferret that bites a person should be confined for how many days?
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10 days
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What should you do with a currently immunized dog, cat or ferret that is exposed to a proven or suspect animal?
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-get a rabies booster and confine for 45 days for observation
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What should you do with a non- immunized dog, cat or ferret that is exposed to a proven or suspect animal?
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euthanize or place in strict isolation for 6 months
-vaccination for rabies one month prior to release |
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What should you do with a expired immunized dog, cat or ferret that is exposed to a proven or suspect animal?
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euthanize
or booster with rabies and then strictly isolate for 6 months |
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what is the method for vaccinating wild animals, esp racoons in SW VA?
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oral - RABORAL V-RG
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How should wild animals that have been vaccinated be treated?
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as if they are unvaccinated because they are not approved for use in wild animals
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What has been associated with chronic exposure to anesthetic agents?
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premature delivery, pregnancy loss, hepatic and renal disease, cancer, depression, headache
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What has low dose radiation been associated with?
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menstrual irregularities and increase in spontaneous abortions
-epilation, dry/thick skin, sub-Q fibrosis and neoplasia |
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What is the limit of radiation exposure?
-per year whole body pregnant women |
whole body - 5 rem.yr
pregnant - 500 mrem |
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What pesticide is associated with burning sensation or numbness?
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pyrethrins
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Whick vaccine contains formalin?
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Blackleg
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New Castle Disease virus is assoicated with what?
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conjunctivitis
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Brucella vaccine strain 19 is associated with what?
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severe cellulitis at injection point
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Which chemical dies are bad?
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magenta, aniline red
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Which chemicals or drugs are bad?
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-ethyl alcohol
-ethylene oxide -formaldehyde -hexachlorophene -vincristine and vinblastin |
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What type of toxicity does micotil exhibit in humans?
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cardiotoxic - due to calcium channel blockade
-induced tachycardia and decreased contractility |
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What does chloramphenicol cause in humans?
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aplastic anemia
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What gases should vets be aware of?
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-ammonia
-hydrogen sulfide (manure) -nitrogen oxide (silo fillers disease) -carbon monoxide (heaters -hog dust (endotoxins - headaches and nausa) |
