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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are most food outbreaks due to?
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1. improper holding temp - 43%
2. inadequate cooking and poor personal hygiene (both 20%) |
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What temps do organisms grow best at?
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45F - 120F
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What temp should you store food at?
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less than 40, greater than 140
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To inactivate the following, what temp do you need to cook food at?
-non sporulating bacteria -spore forming pasteurization |
-non sporulating bacteria - destroyed at 140F
-spore forming - 212 for 30 minutes pasteurization - 145 for 30 minutes, 161 for 15 seconds |
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What is the most common isolate of salmonella?
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S. typhimurium
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Which salmonella is associated with eggs?
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S. enteritidis
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How do you diagnose Salmonella?
can you detect it in food? |
culture and serotype
no |
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How long should eggs be hard boiled to prevent Salmonella?
How should meat be cooked to prevent Salmonella? |
9 minutes
165 F till juices run clear |
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What is the incubation for Staph aureus intoxication?
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30 minutes to 8 hours
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How do you diagnose Staph intoxication?
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culture, demonstrate enterotoxin in food by serological or bio tests
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What is the incubation period of CLostridium perfringens type A?
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8 - 24 hours
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How do you diagnose clostridium perfringens?
Is it an infection of intoxication? |
culture
-can be both |
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What is clostridium perfringens associated with?
How do you kill the organism? |
pre-cooking and improper storage of food and left-overs; banquets and holiday meals
- toxin must be boiled for 3 minutes to inactivate |
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How do Clostridium perfringens organisms multiply?
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anerobically
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What type of toxins do Clostridium botulinum form?
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exotoxins
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What type of toxins do Staph form?
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enterotoxin
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Which tyoes of botulism are associated with improper canning?
-fowl? fish? just affects humans? just affects mammals, not humans? |
A and B
fowl - A and C fish - E humans - A, B, E, F mammals - C and D |
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What type of environment does botulism grow in?
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ph greater than 4.5
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What is the incubation time of Clostridium botulinum?
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2 hours to 8 days
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How do you use proper canning techniques to prevent botulism?
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-temps above 250F for 20 minutes to skill spores
-cook at 176 F for 30 minutes or boil for 10 minutes to destroy toxin |
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What is the most common cause of enteritis in humans?
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campylobacteriosis
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What is the incubation time of camphylobacter?
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2-5 days
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How do you diagnose botulism?
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ID of TOXIN in serum or stools
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How do you diagnose Camphylobacter?
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culture
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What is associated with camphylobacter?
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raw milk and poultry (80% of carcasses are infected)
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How many cells are needed for camphylobacter to cause an infection?
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500 cells
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How do you diagnose E. coli?
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culture of stool and food product
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What is the infectious dose of E. coli?
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10 organisms
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What percent of the population carry Listeria?
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5% in GI tract
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Who is most at risk for Listeria?
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pregnant women, children, immunocompromised, older people
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What type of shellfish are more likely infected with vibrioparahaemolyticus?
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when water temp is above 68 degrees.
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What temp should you cook shellfish to eliminate vibrio paraheomolyticus?
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greater than 131F
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What is the estimated percentage of shellfish infected with vibrio vulnificus?
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5-10%
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What two bacteria break down the musculature (tryptophan) in fish to histamine to cause Scromboid toxicity?
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proteus and kliebsiella
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What causes paralytic shellfish poisioning?
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dinoflagellate (Gymnodinium breve) build up
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What are the 4 signs of paralytic shellfish poisioning?
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1 - paralysis
2 - redness 3 - GI 4 - respiratory (allergy) |
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How fast do symptoms develop with paralytic shellfishi poisioning?
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30 min to 2 hours
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What fish are related to ciguatoxin?
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baracuda, red snapper, grouper
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What causes cigua toxin positioning?
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accumulation of dinoflagellates toxin in fish high in the food chain
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Why does the immune system remember foreign antigens?
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So that it can mount a swifter, more effective response the next time it is exposed to a specific antigen. This is accomplished through the proliferation of memory B-Lymphocytes into antigen specific antibodies.
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What are the most common bacteria in bite wounds?
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a-hemolytic strep and anerobes
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How is DF-2 aquired?
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dog bites
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Who is most at risk of getting DF-2?
|
alcholics, No spleen
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What are the symptoms of DF-2?
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sepsis (endocardium and vascular endothelium)
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What do you stain Bartonella henselae with?
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Warthin-Starry stain
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What percentage of cats have B. henselae?
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25-41%
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What is the major organ affected by Cat scratch fever?
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LNs
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What is the bacteria that causes DF-2?
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capnocytophaga canimorus
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How do you treat cat scratch fever?
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doxy, erythromycin, rifampin
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How do you treat sportoricosis?
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iodides, ketoconazole, amphotericin B
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What should you do if you expect a cat with sporotrix?
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wear exam gloves to drain the tract
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What are the main symptoms in man of TB?
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-papules that develop into a non-healing painless ulcer with regional lymphadenopathy
-pulmonary lesions -disseminated TB |
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What is the treatment for TB?
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isoniazid, rifampin
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What are some other names of Brucellosis?
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Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Gibralter Fever, Bangs Fever
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Which types of brucella are nonhuman pathogens?
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ovis and neotome
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Which strain of brucella is the most pathogenic and who other than people gets it?
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melitensis - goats
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What is brucella most associated with?
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soft, non-pasteurized mexican cheese
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What are some main symptoms of brucellosis?
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septicemia with sudden or insidious onset with intermittent fever
-chills, sweating and high temps |
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What might there be a cross reaction with when testing for Brucellosis?
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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How do you treat brucellosis and why is it difficult to treat?
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-tetracyclin, trimethoprim sulf, doxy, rifampin for 6 weeks
-intracellular |
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What is the reservoir for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
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rodents and fowl
-lagomorphs and fowl are the amplifying host |
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How do you control pseudotuberculsos?
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cook meat properly; hygiene
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What 3 species is affected by pseudotuberculsosi?
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-man
-cats and dogs -guinea pigs |
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What is the main symptom in man of pseudotuberculosis?
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-acute mesenteric lymphadenopathy, inflammed appendix, inflammed ileocecal nodes
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What type of toxin does yersinia enterocolitica produce?
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-an enterotoxin similar to the heat stable enterotoxin E. coli
|
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What animals are most associated with Yersina enterocolitica?
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pigs, puppies/kittens
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What type of symptoms are associated with yersina enterocolitica?
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appendicitis like symptoms, diarrhea and abdominal pain
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What percentage of dogs, birds, and turtles have salmonella?
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dogs - 10%
birds - 50% turtles - 85% |
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What type of bacteria are Campylabacter jejuni?
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S-shaped seagull wings, motile, gram negative rods
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How is C. jejuni aquired?
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pound puppies and kittens; food borne
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What are the symptoms of C. jejuni?
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gasteroenteritis, bloody, non-bloody bowel movements, abdominal pain
-recover in 7-10 days |
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What is the treatment for C. jejuni infection?
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erythromycin
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How do you control c. jejuni?
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proper food prep
avoid fecal oral transmission general hygiene |
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What are the main symptoms of yersina pestis infection?
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-vesicular lesion at the site of the flea bite or entrance of the organism with subsequent regional lymphadenopathy, followed by septicemia
-pneumonia can be secondary to buboes or septicemia or primary if inhaled |
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What is the main source of infection of tuleremia in N. America?
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wild rabbits, hares, beavers, muskrats, and microtine mice (sheep in some areas)
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How is tuleremia transmitted?
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rabbits and their ticks (Ixodes and Dermacentor) that transmit type A
-entrance through cuts or scratches (MAIN), conjuntiva, oral or inhalation, handeling cats |
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What are the 4 symptoms of tuleremia in man?
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1 - ulceroglandular form (85% seen at the site of entry)
2 - oculoglandular form 3 - pneumonic form - most fatal 4 - typoid form - GI |
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How do rabbits look with tuleremia?
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swollen LNs, splenic abcesess, liver necrosis and abcesses
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What is the treatment for tuleremia?
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streptomycin or gentamicin
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How do you control tuleremia?
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-necropsy with gloves
-cook properly - disinfect water - insect repellent |
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What type of environment does Lepto reproduce in? Does it reproduce outside of the environment?
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-high humidity, neutral-basic soil, warm temps
-does not reproduce outside of the host |
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What materials can harbor lepto?
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water, milk, placental material, fetuses
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Which serovars of lepto are dogs getting?
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pomona, grippotyphosus and bratislava
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What two forms of lepto can you get?
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anicteric - resembles flu (fever, chills, malaise, stiff neck, vomiting)
icteric - may have aseptic menengitis with jaundice, petechia of the skin, renal insufficiency, and hepatomegaly |
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How do you diagnose lepto?
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-microscopic agglutination test
-blood culture first week and afterwards a urine culture |
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How is chlamydophilia psittaci acquired? and spread?
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acquired - inhalation of airborne agent (parakeets, lover birds, parrots, and pigeons, turkeys)
- spread in feces |
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HOw do you treat C. psittaci?
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tetracycline, doxycycline
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How do you control c. psittaci in birds?
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-avoid aeorsol
-quaranine and treat bids with 0.5% chlortetracycline in feed for 45 days - test birds for IgM |
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What are signs in man of c. psittaci?
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respiratory - pneumonia
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What spreads lyme disease and how long does it take for transfer of the organism?
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Ixodes - 48 hours
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What is the reservoir for lyme disease?
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white footed mice, deer mouse, chipmunks, house mouse, Norway rat and rabbits
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What is the treatment for lyme disease?
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doxy and amoxacillin in children for 10-30 days
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For grade A milk, what should the bacterial count not exceed?
somatic cell count? |
100,000 cells per ml
750,000 cells per ml |
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What is the max about of time it should take bulk tank milk to reach 40 F?
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2 hours
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What is the butter fat content of jerseys?
holsteins? |
jersey - 4-4.5%
holstein - 3.5-4% |
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Do fiber diets have a higher or lower fat content?
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higher
and high grain diets supress fat content |
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How much fat does whole milk have in it?
2% skim? |
3.5% BF - 8g/cup
2% has 2% - 5g/cup skim? - 0.1% - 0.5g/cup |
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How much water does milk have in it?
What is the freezing temp? |
86% - freezing point of -0.54 C (slightly below water because of the sugar and salts)
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What test is used to test the water content in milk?
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cryoscope test
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How many milkings does it normally take to get rid of the colostrum?
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5-6 milkings
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How does the wild garlic and onion flavor get into milk?
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thru lungs
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How does the rancid flavor get into milk?
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excessive agitation during collection or transport
-breakdown of the milk fat component by proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes present in raw milk |
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What 2 tests are performed for bacterial quantification?
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-standard plate count test
- preliminary incubation count (PI) |
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What is the legal maximum SPC and what are most farms under?
How long is the sample incubated for this? |
legal max is 100,000/ml
-most under 10,000/ml -incubated for 32 degrees C or 90 F for 48 hours |
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Which test provides the best information for shelf life of the milk?
What do the results of this test coorlate with? |
Preliminary Incubation count
-sanitary conditions on the farms |
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How long are PI counts incubated for and what are the goal levels?
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-55F for 18 hours
-levels of 100,000 ml are acceptable but should be 20,000 per ml or less |
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What are the thermoduric bacteria that survive pasteurization?
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-lactobacilli
-enterococci |
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Do psycotropic bacteria grow in cold temps? Can they survive pasteruization? Are their lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes inactivated by pasteruization?
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yes
no no |
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What are the majority of organisms detected on PI counts?
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psychotrophic organisms
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What are the spore formers in milk?
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clostridium and bacillus
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What type of wash is used for organic soils?
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chlorinated or alkaline
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What type of rinse do you use for mineral soil?
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acidified
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What is deactivated by pasterization?
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alkaline phosphatase
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What are the pasteruization times and temp:
- traditional -HTST -UHT |
-traditional = 145 F for 30 minutes
- HTST = 161 F for 15 seconds - UHT = 280 F for 2 seconds --> boxed milk |
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What is the regulation for interstate shipment of milk and somatic cell counts?
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<750,000/ml
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What is tested for in each pick up of bulk milk?
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beta - lactams
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Which insectasides can be concentrated in fat?
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-hexachlorobenzene
-chlorinated hydrocarbons |
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Is there a withdrawel for hormones?
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no
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What is the number one cause of residues in animal products?
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failure to observe withdraw times - 50%
-unapproved drugs - 18% poor medical records - 12% |
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What are the most common routes of administration for residue vilations?
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injected (46%)
oral (29% - feed and bolus) intramammary (18%) |
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What is S. typhimurium associated with?
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contaminated with feces at the time of harvesting and then remains on the product - true of most infections
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What is the incubation of salmonella?
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8-72 hours
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What does Salmonella poisoning in humans look like?
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fever, headache, abrupt nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting
-self-limiting -may not feel normal for 2-3 weeks |
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What has Salmonella been associated with?
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reactive arthritis
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What is the main route of transmission of Salmonella?
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fecal-oral route
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What are the reservoir host for Salmonella?
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intestinal tract, bovine mammary glands, eggs
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Name some ways that food can be contaminated with Salmonella/fecal material.
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-during processing
-contaminated raw food used in prepared food that gets no further treatment -cooked, prepared foods contaminated from unclean equipment previously used to handle raw food -poor hygiene -eggs (transovarian or checked) |
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What are the reservoirs for Staph poisoning?
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humans (skin, respiratory tract) and cattle mammary glands
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What are the general signs of Staph poisoning?
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-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal cramps
- severe = headache, fever, hypotension, and blood and mucus in vomit and stool |
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How quick should you recover from Staph poisioning?
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24 hours
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How is food contaminated by Staph?
|
human carrieriers
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What environment can Staph grow and what is it most associated with?
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low pH and high salt
-ham, processed poultry products, cured meats, cream filled pastries, raw milk or unpasteurized cheese |
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Does the preformed Stap enterotoxin have to be in the food at time of ingestion to get sick.
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yes - therefore it is a true intoxication
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How do you control Staph?
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proper maintenance of foods at refrigeration temps or higher temps to inhibit growth
-educate food handlers |
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Where is clostridium perfringens type A toxin formed?
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in the host and food
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What is the reservoir for Clostridium perfringens?
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soil, water, intestinal tract
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What are the symptoms of clostridium perfringens?
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watery diarrhea, intestinal gas, cramps, and nausea
-usually NO vomiting or fever |
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What is wise to do with the gravy at thanksgiving?
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separate it from meat to prevent an anaerobic environment and clostridium to form toxin
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What is the reservoir for clostridium botulinum?
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soil, water, intestinal tract
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What are the main signs of clostridium botulinum?
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nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
-impaired vision, difficulty swallowing and speech, muscle weakness, paralysis |
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What signs might you see in babies of botulism?
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constipation, weakness, poor feeding, loss of head control
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What food should you not feed babies due to clostridium botulinum?
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honey
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What is the epidemiology of botulism?
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improper canning, improper storage, honey
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What are many outbreaks of camplobacteriosis due to?
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cross contamination due to low infectious dose
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What type of animal in the home may also help spread camplyobacter?
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puppies and kittens
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What is camplobacter associated with?
|
-reactive arthrisits
-Hemolytic Uremia Syndrome -Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
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What are the main signs of Campylobacter?
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diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, and fever
-may have relapses |
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What age are most cases of camplobacter seen in?
|
children less than 5
15-29 year olds |
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Why may microwave cooking not kill all organisms?
|
uneven cooking
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How do you control camplobacter?
|
-clean handeling of milk and slaughter of poultry
-proper cooking and pasteurization -prevent cross contamination |
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What age cows are asymptomatic for E. coli?
|
slaughter age cattle or older
(calves 1-4 months may develop bloody diarrha) |
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What is the median incubation period of E. coli?
|
48 hours
|
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children?
|
E. coli
-produces a toxin that kills the kidneys |
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What are symptoms of E. coli?
|
enteritis, blood in feces, uremic hemolytic syndrome, death
|
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What is E. coli often associated with?
|
improperly cooked meat
|
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What can feeding low concentrates do for concentration of E. coli in the gut?
|
decreases numbers in the gut
|
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How can E. coli be spread?
|
fecal contaminatin - milk, meat, vegies, apple cider
-person to person (day care) -petting zoos |
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Where is there a high prevanlence of E. coli?
|
NW
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How so you prevent E. coli?
|
-cook meat to 160 until juices run clear
-wash hands after handling or being exposed to animals -don't eat where animals are housed |
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Where is Listeria prevalent?
|
milk, veggies, poultry products, processed meats (hot dogs, lunch meat), soft cheese from raw milk
|
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What is the incubation of Listeria?
|
3-47 days
|
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What are the clinical signs of Listeria?
|
chills, fever, headache, and septicemia
-abortions possible |
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What thing that you consume might put you at increased risk for Listeria?
|
antacids
|
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Where is Listeria and where can it replicate?
|
in silage
-replicated in refrigerator |
|
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How do you control Listeria?
|
pasterization and proper cooking
|
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What is the incubation of vibrio parahaemolyticus?
|
4 hours - 4 days
|
|
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HOw do you diagnose vibrio parahaemolyticus?
|
culture seafood
|
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How long does acute gasteroenteritis, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea last with vibrio parahaemolyticus?
|
3 days
|
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Who is at higher risk for developing septicemia with vibrio bulnificus?
|
liver disease or compromised immune systems
(more than 1/2 of patients with septicemia died) |
|
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What are the symptoms of vibrio vulnificus poisioning?
|
fever, chills, nausea, vomiitng, abdominal pain
|
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How do you treat vibrio vulnificus?
|
tetracyclines
|
|
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What fish should you be careful of eating when worried about scromboid toxicity?
|
tuna, bluefish, mackerel, Mahi Mahi
|
|
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How do you control scromboid toxicity?
|
proper refrigeration
|
|
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What causes death with cigua toxin?
|
respiratory paralysis
|
|
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Does cooking inactivate cigua toxin?
|
no
|
|
|
What are the main symptoms associated with ciguatoxin?
|
GI symptoms, burning or pricking sensation, muscle aching and cramping, ataxia, death
|
|
|
what is the most commonly acquired infection that needs hospitalization?
|
pasteurella multocida
|
|
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Name the 5 risk factors for a bite wound being infected.
|
1 - older than 50
2 - puncture wounds preclude cleansing 3 - bites on hands 4 - delay of 24 hours in seeking treatment 5 - inadequate attention paid to careful irrigation and debridement during initial wound management |
|
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What should you do if someone is bit?
|
1 - wash
2- rabies status 3 - suggest medial attention, esp those at high risk 4 - call health dept |
|
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Is DF -2 very virulent?
|
no - only for immunosuppresed
|
|
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Where si capnocytophagia canimorus found?
|
in oral cavity of dogs, cats, and ruminants
|
|
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What type of organisms is Bartonella henselae?
|
gram negative bacillus
|
|
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How is cat scratch fever acquired?
|
cat bires, scratches, licks
|
|
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In what population are most cases of cat scratch fever?
|
children - 75%
|
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HOw long can cats transmit cat scratch fever?
|
2-3 weeks
|
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HOw do you diagnosse cat scratch fever?
|
rule out other lymphadenopathies
-PCR and serology |
|
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What is a complication of cat scratch fever?
|
chronic, fistulus tracts
|
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What is bacillary angiomatosis, who gets it and what disease is it associated with?
|
HIV with cat scratch fever
-proliferation of small blood vessels in the skin and visceral organs in immunocompromised individuals |
|
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10% of individuals affected with cat scratch fever have unusual manifestations. What are they?
|
tonsillitis, encephalitis, cerebreal arteritis, granulomatus hepatitis, pneumonia, thrombocytopenic purpura
|
|
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How long does lymphadenopathy with cat scratch fever last?
|
several months
- symptoms usually begin as a papule on the skin 25% of patients LN supperate 30% develop fever, headache, sore throat, splenomegaly, vomiting, and stomach cramps |
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When are the yeast of sporotrix filamentous and when are they yeast form?
|
-filamentous at room temp
-yeast form in tissue |
|
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Can you get a sporotrix infection without interrupting the skin?
where do cats shed organisms? |
yes
feces and wounds |
|
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Where do cats develop their draining wounds with sporotrix?
|
head and base of the tail , extremities
|
|
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What are they symptoms of man with sporotrix?
|
ulcerated nodules and painful lymphadenopathy
|
|
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Where was there an outbreak with M. bovis infection?
|
michigan - white tailed deer (spilled into cattle)
-also bear, coyote, and racconns are affected |
|
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What are the different methods by which TB can be transmitted?
|
ingestion, inoculation, inhalation
|
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M. paratuberculosis is part of the MAC and has been isolated from people with what disease?
|
Crohns Disease - IBD
|
|
|
multi-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has been IDed in populations of what?
|
prision population
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Disseminated TB means what?
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genitourinary infection, bone and joint involvement, meningitis
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How is Brucellosis acquired?
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-direct contact with fetal fluids
-indirect via consumption of milk -inhalation during slaughter -accidental injection |
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How do you test for Brucellosis?
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blood culture and serology
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How does man get yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
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-acquires disease from contact with infected animals or ingestion of food contaminated with feces and or urine from infected animals
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Who is at increased risk for getting yersinia pseudotuberculsosi?
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males 5-20
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How do you get yersinia enterocolitica?
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ingestion
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How do you control yersinia enterocolitica?
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-hygiene after handling pets and pork products
-proper cooking of pork products |
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HOw is Salmonella acquired?
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fecal -oral route, inhallation of vacume dust
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What are the signs of Salmonella?
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GI, self-limiting
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What may be a potential exposure source for yersina pestis because of their tendency to hunt rodents?
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cats
(infected cats may have draining abcesses and/or pneumonia) |
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Where does yersina pestis replicate?
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in the flea's stomach, blocking the proventriculus so when it takes its next meal , it regures into the blood
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What is a control method for yersinia pestis?
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insecticides/rodentacides
-properly handle pneumonic cats |
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What are clinical signs of cats with tularemia?
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malaise, oral ulcers, lymphadenopathy
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What is a highly persistent shedder of lepto?
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rodents
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What animals may get abortions with Q fever?
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goats and sheep
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What are common sources of coxiella burnetti?
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uterine discharges, urine, feces, milk, wool, zoos, slaughter houses
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Is Q Fever mild in man?
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usually goes unnotices
-fever, chills, malaise, fatigue, sinus headache |
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What are symptoms of Lyme disease?
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lymphadenopathy, shifting leg lameness, fever, anorexia, renal disease
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3 days to a month after being bitten by a Lyme carrying tick, what develops in 60% of the population?
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Erythema chronicum migrans
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What may people develop weeks to months later after getting Lyme Disease?
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meningitis, encephalitis, facial paryalysis (AV block and tachycardia)
-arthritis (60% of untreated patients develop it ) |
