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118 Cards in this Set
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Learned optimism one perspective on optimism |
counter to learned helplessness Martin seligman you can teach optimism vis vi attribution style |
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Attribution theory |
helps us understand how we attribute causes 1) dispositional/internal 2)Situational/external |
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Fundamental attribution theory |
tendency to attribute situational causes for our own behaviour and dispositional factors for others |
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three dimensions of causal attributions |
internal vs external stable vs unstable local vs global |
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goal expectancy (carver and sheuer) second optimism theory |
optimism is outcome expectation our idea of if we will have a positive or negative outcome in the future. |
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pessimistic attribution for loss |
Failing a test internal cues-im stupid stable causes-> my stupidity is genetic global-> I wont do good on any tests in the future |
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optimistic attribution for loss |
external-> the test was unfair unstable-> the next test will be better local-> I will only do badly in this unit |
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pessimistic attribution for win |
external unstable local |
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optimistic attribution of win |
internal stable global |
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Attribution style questionaire ASQ |
? |
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Extended Attribution Style Questionairre |
24 hypothetical events half achievement good or bad pass/fail a test half affiliation good or bad/ friend compliments you or insults you choose a cause and rate it (internal global, stable) |
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Content Analysis of verbal explanations CAVE |
evaluate speech without even interviewing them things they have said rate verbal explanations along 3 dimensions politicians, sports figures 1985 mets and cardinals mets optimistic attr for losses Cardinals pessimistic Mets won next year |
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optimism and genetics |
mz attribution style (.48) more correlated than DZ (.00) |
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home environment and attribution style |
stable supportive home= optimistic style in adulthood no link between parental style and childs link between parents attribution of child's failure and the child's own attribution Parent optimism= child optimism Parent pessimism= child work bellow potential at school |
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teacher and attribution |
teacher praise for stable, global traits "bc you are smart"= more pessimism bc nothing they can do to change. |
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flaw in external vs internal |
correlates less consistently than others more difficult to asses reliabiltiy does it directly affect expectations confound self-blame (im responisble) and self-efficacy (I have the ability) |
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associates of optimism |
1.better academic performance 2.superior athletic performance 3.more productive work records 4.greater satisfaction in relationships 5.better coping with stressors 6.less vulnerability to depression 7.better physical health |
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Goal expectancies Carver and Shirer |
-the tendency to believe good rather than bad things will happen -behaviour outcome expectancies: what outcome our behaviour will lead to |
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Life orientation test- revised (LOT-R) |
10 statements on a 5 point Likert scale "I usually expect the best" "if something can go wrong for me it will" " Im always optimistic about my future" " I hardly ever expect things to go my way" " I rarely expect good things to happen to me" " overall I expect more good things than bad to happen to me" |
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Optimism and problem solving |
approach oriented, problem-focused coping, deal directly with the problem -information seeking -active coping and planning -positive reframing-find the positive eg death-terrible but it brought family together use of humour -Acceptance |
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Pessimists and problem solving |
withdrawal oriented emotion-focused coping - thought suppression -give up -self-distraction -focus on distress, rumination -overt denial |
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Associated of LOT-R optimism |
-starting university-.bc they accept the risk -work performance better -In and enduring missile attack survive better -caring for cancer patients-> better coping abilities -handle bone marrow transplant better -coping with cancer better, symptoms, feel better -coping with aids -post partum depression -lower stroke risk after 50 |
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Scheier 1989 coronary by pass surgery |
questionaire given the day before, week after, and 6 months after optimism before surgery = -less hostility -less depression one week after= more happiness and relief -more satisfaction with medical care -more satisfied with emotional support 6months & 5 yrs= -higher quality of life ( could be percieved or actual, cold act in ways that improve life quality |
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comparison LOT-R, CAVE, and ASQ |
have similar correlates-> good mood, low depression, better coping, life achievement, good health When studied together highly correlated -positive attribution style correlated to optimistic out look -reality of expectations not assessed -pessimism associated with risky behaviour, low edu, low income, may have resulted from pessimism or be cause of it |
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Realism in optimism |
optimism often realistic especially when events are controllable optimism bias reduced when performance verifiable-objective, eg happiness in marriage |
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optimistic beliefs are... |
strategic: -help us meet our goals -used selectively -are responsive: adjusted to match the situation |
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Aspinwall and bunhat 1996 optimistic/pessimistic processing of information |
exposed to info about helath practices, uv rays, and exposure optimists: -pay more attention to negative information -remember more negative information -more elaborate processing of negative info -more attention to most useful information |
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PA and optimism |
may be that... optimism= positive emotionalilty=better life outcomes= optimism High PA; -more sensitive to important features of task -more risks when stakes important -less risk when stakes real significant -more processing of negative info about self |
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brain chemistry optimism |
dopamine (responsible for reward centres of brain) in left frontal cortex -more outward focused attention, less elf absorbed |
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Attributional reframing |
cognitive rerstructuring for kids when their are low levels of self esteem and optimism -make more positive attributions -modelling or socail rewards-> praise appropriate attributions side note, children can form unrealistic attributions especially if they were not showing signs of depression |
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Penn resiliency program Seligman |
for children at risk of depression CBT program stories, role playing, illustrations emphasize that how we feel = how we think about situations not the situation but the way we interpret it eg show cartoons with negative attribution style then correct them pessimism rife: new attribtuions more realistic pessimsitc to relaistic not over positive -be a detective- search for info that strengthens positive attributions Skills Aquisition: -problem solving-> increased self efficiacy -emotional control-> -relaxation-> lowers anxiety and depression -Negotiation strategies-> -countering procrastination -ascertiveness low depression for treatment group - |
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optimism in psycho therapy |
Self-fulfilling potential of optimism-> increased probability of a positive outcome -Dicotomization: tendency to look at things only as a win or a loss -overgeneralization: -Selective abstraction; focus on negative disqualifying the positive: -mind reading/ fortune telling maximizing and minimising emotional reasoning: feelings = reality feel its bad so it "is" -"should" statements, what others think you ought to be doing -global label ling ima failure -personalization-> you are responsible for every outcome |
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Meaningfulness Baumeister 4 needs for meaning |
four patterns of motivation that guide how people try to make sense out of their lives -purpose-> connection of present to future events * goals desired and objective future states *fulfillments desired subjective future states EG happily ever after Sense of effecacy-> control over events Self Worth-> intrinsic personal value Values- moral/ethical grounds for action -if all four not met life will seem insufficient
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Meaningfulness Robak and griffin purpose predicted... |
positive functioning |
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Meaningfulness Baumieister 1991 Anomie associated with... |
Anome: alienation from culture, lack of moral grounding psychological distress, and pathology |
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Meaningfulness Wong and fry strong sense of meaning associated with |
-life satisfaction -happiness lack of meaning associated with -depression and -disengagement |
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4 places we find meaning |
Ebersole 1) life worl 2)relationship 3)religion 4) in service to others Emmons 1) achievement 2) intimacy 3) religion 4) service Wong 1)achievement 2) relationship 3) religion 4) self-transcendence different areas will be more important for different people. Some roles will fulfill more than one |
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Gratitude what is it |
an emotion-> psychological reaction to being the recipeint of a benifit personality trait -moral virtue -a habit -a way of life |
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Gratitude function McCullaun |
grateful person is -motivated to prosocial behaviour -energized to sustain prosocial behvaiour -inhibited from destructive interpersonal behaviour |
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Gratitude 3 functions |
moral barometer: alerts people to receiving prosocial behaviour from others. realize someone has done something nice moral motivator: stimulates us to behave prosocially towards others Moral reinforcer-> pay it forward ie continue the prosocial behaviour |
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Gratitude as a trait |
-more frequent experiences of gratitude -more intense gratitude for events -respond to more situations with gratitude -generalise gratitude to more situations -generalise more gratitude to more people for given event |
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Gratitude questionnaire GQ-6 |
6 questions likert scale 1)I have so much in life to be thankful for 2)if i had to list everything in life i was thankful for it would be a very long list 3)When i look at the world I don't see much I'm thankful for 4)'m grateful for a wide variety of people 5)As I age I am able to appreciate people events and situations in my life 6)large amounts of time can pass before I feel grateful |
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GQ-6 high levels associated with |
-observer ratings of gratitude -positive affect -well-being -prosocial affect -religiousness, and spirituality -low envy -low materialism -extraversion -agreeableness -low neuroticism |
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Gratitude resentments appreciation test GRAT |
44 items with 3 factors 9 point likert scale abundance simple appreciation-> gratitude for things of this world appreciation of others-> |
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GRAT definition of gratitude |
-acknowledging the importance of experiencing and expressing gratitude -lack of resentment -appreciation for contributions of others -Appreciation of frequent simple pleasures, as opposed to large rare ones |
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GRAT 3 factors |
Abundance 17 -I never get the breaks others get -the world owes me something -I am a very fortunate person -more bad things have happened than i deserve Simple Appreciation -oftentimes i have been overwhelmed at the beauty of nature -I enjoy a crackling fire on a cold winter night -simple pleasures are the best pleasures Appreciation of others i feel extremely appreciative of the things others have done for me -I couldn't have gotten where I am without the help of others -Im really thankful for my friends and family Part of enjoying something is being thankful for it |
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GRAT correlations |
positively correlated with SWL r=.5 to .6 negatively correlated to depression inventory: r= -.34 to -.56 |
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GRAT effects relationships |
Gordon 2012 If appreciated by partner... -more appreciative of them -more responsive to partners needs -more commitment to partners needs |
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GRAT matial satisfaction Gordon Arnette Smith |
50 long term relationships -felt (feel for partner) and expressed (explicitly to partner) related to marital satisfaction felt gratitude predicted spouses satisfaction expressed gratitude did not predict spousal satisfaction. |
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GRAT and relationship maintenance Kubacka 2011 |
4yr longitudinal study 1) gratitude towards partner based on partners relationship maintenance behaviours 2) Gratitude motivates partners relationship maintenance behaviour in reciprocal form |
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GRAT and indebtedness in committed relationships Algoe Gable and Masel 2010 |
when you thinking about the benefits in the relation ship motivated both gratitude and indebtedness -Gratitude on day one predicted increased relationship connection and satisfaction |
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GRAT and prosocial behaviour Grant and Gino 2010 written expressions of gratitude motivate |
-prosocial behaviour in helpers towards grateful person, and others -effects feelings of social worth-> feel like a valuable person not self efficacy |
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Gratitude and social integration Foh Bono and Emmans 2010 |
longitudinal study of 700n adolescence -time one gratitude predicted time two prosocial behaviour -gratitude a time 1 predicted integration at time 3 -all mediated by life satisfaction -upward spiral to emotional social wellbeing |
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Gratitude and personal health kendler 2003 thankfulness associated with... |
2600 twins reduced risk of externalising and internalising behaviour |
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Gratitude and personal health wood 2009 gratitude associated with |
better sleep quality -sleep duration' -lower daytime dysfunction -relationship affected by presence of positive or negative pre-sleep thoughts positive = better outcome no effect from personality trait or social desirability |
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Gratitude and personal health Kahlo 2010 |
positive relationship between gratitude and many dimensions of wellness in 160 university students |
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Gratitude and personal health Toeper cichy and peters 2012 writing letters of gratitude increased |
-writing letters of gratitude increased -happiness -life satisfaction -reduced depressive symptoms |
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Gratitude and personal health Runi and vescervelli 2012 breast cancer patients |
gratitude positively related to all aspects of post traumatic growth and positive well being -gratitude negatively related to anxiety depression, hostility irritabiltiy |
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Gratitude and personal health Vernon 2012 university women coping with ptsd symptoms from trauma |
Post trauma gratitude related to ptsd symtoms severity -relationship holds after controlling for trauma history, severity, time |
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Gratitude and personal health USwatte and Julian 2006 |
gratitude negatively related to ptsd symptoms for vertens with or without ptsd |
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Gratitude and well-being swl |
-satisfaction with life correlated positively with gratitude and optimism -gratitude and forgiveness strongly associated with well-being in psychotherapy out patients -writing about gratitude associated with higher levels on several measures of wellbeing -grateful disposition trait gratitude jointly predict swb in older Christians -Hong kong teachers; dispositional gratitude positively related to *meaningful life orientation, *happiness and *personal accomplishment negatively with aspects of burn out -Gratitude predicted life satisfaction, and team satisfaction in Taiwanese athletes |
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Gratitude and well-being psychotherapy patients |
-gratitude and forgiveness strongly associated with well-being in psychotherapy out patients |
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Gratitude and well-being writing about gratitude... |
writing about gratitude associated with levels on several measures of wellbeing |
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Gratitude and well-being hong kong teachers |
Hong kong teachers; dispositional gratitude positively related to *meaningful life orientation, *happiness and *personal accomplishment negatively with aspects of burn out |
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Gratitude and well-being older christians |
grateful disposition and trait gratitude jointly predict swb in older Christians |
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Gratitude and well-being Taiwanese |
Gratitude predicted life satisfaction, and team satisfaction in Taiwanese athletes |
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how does gratitude improve wellbeing |
*facilitates coping and stress *providing useful coping skills * seeking social support *positive reframing *Active approach -reduces negative comparison(w others we think are better, and better possible life outcomes) -reduces materialistic striving -enhances accessibility of positive emotion-> positive memory bias ie see past as rosier -builds social resources-. form new relationships and strengthen old ones |
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Emmons and Mccullough 2003 grateful listers... |
have to write down things you're grateful for, hassles, regular life events, or comparison the way your life is better -grateful listers more optimistic about future -in better health -spent more time exercising - |
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Watkins 2003 responses to a giver |
more pa in situations in which p's think about write about gratitude or write a letter to giver than control |
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chan 2011 hong kong |
gratitude intervention = - higher PA -satisfaction with life * effects especially strong for individual who were intially low in gratitude |
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carsen 2010 mental health outpatient |
kept gratitude diary -reported improved life satisfaction -higher social feelings -greater gratitude |
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Froh sefick and Emmons 2008 early adolescence gratitude listers |
compared with hassles, and events) gratitude condition *reported more gratitude *optimism *PA *life satisfaction satisfaction with school experience after 5-week follow-up |
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froh 2009 children adolescence with low PA risk of depression |
those who delivered letter of gratitude had higher PA then those you listed life events at 2 month follow up |
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goals and need emmons |
1. achoevement power "be the best out of a group of people" 2. Intimacy relationship "help my friends and let them know i care" 3. religion spirituality "deepen my relationship with god" 4. Self trancendecy/generativity "feel useful to society" |
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Goals that predict higher SWB |
1.Intimacy 2. self-transcendence 3. Religion: *higher PA *maritial satisfaction *overall life satisfaction |
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goal that presicted lower swb |
Achievement higher negative affect |
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intrinsic vs extrinsic goals kasser and ryan1996 |
uni students high swb correlated with intrinsic goals extrinsic goals correlated negatively with vitality, self actualization; positively with depression, anxiety |
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intrinsic vs extrinsic goals ryan 1999 extrinsic goals... |
Russian students extrinistc goal -negatively with self actualization self esteem, life satisfaction -attainign extrinsic goals does not = higher swb -attaingin intrinsic goals does = higher swb |
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Money and SWB Kasser and sheldon |
activate anxiety by asking them to write about death Anxiety condition -increased estimates of future income -increased estimates of spending on possessions *low emotionla wellbeing drives materialism * happiness a product of worth while activities that do not have happiness as their primary goal |
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making meaning global menaing making |
establishing long term life values and beliefs |
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making meaning situation specific meaning making |
reaction to specific events in life -benifit finding: see silver lining in adversity -Attribution finding: what is the purpose |
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Meaning making and happiness |
menaingfulness a nessecary requirement for happiness but not a suffient one can have menaing withou happiness but can not have happiness without meaning |
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Benefits of meaning making |
* establishes personal identity, self-worth *most important in misfortune |
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Davis 1988 coping with death |
meaning making: -make sense of loss -find positive int he situation after 12 months making sense =less distress after 18 months finding positives = less distress |
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Taylor 1983 cope with suffering and misfortune by |
* finding purpose *rebuilding sense of mastery *bolstering their self worth |
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Health and meaning making james pen baker writing about traumatic events and illnesses |
* improves immune functioning * reduces illness and physician visits *improve liver enzyme functioning |
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Bouer 1998 aids person |
delaing with the loss of a partner who had HIV slows the progression of HIV |
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Easterling 1999 process after writing about traumatic events |
first more negative affect then, higher positive affect and lower negative because you were making meaning in writing |
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Meaning making and psychotherapy programs |
1) Quality of life program Frisher: revising goals, standards and priorities to boost life happiness 2) Meaning centred functioning Wong: establish meaning in less serious conditions 3) goal focused group psychotherapy Klausner 1998 4) Victor frankl's lego therapy: self-actualization should not be sought after, striving would go against self-transcendence. Self-actualization an effect of meaning fulfilment. |
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Forgiveness definition Enright 1988 |
a willingness to resentment negative judgement and indifferent behaviour and indifferent behaviour towards injustice hurt to us. While fostering the undeserved qualities of compassion generosity and love |
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Forgiveness definition THompson 2005 |
Framing a transgression such that ones response to the transgressor are transformed from negative to neutral or positive. The transgressor may --be self, -another person, or -a situation beyond one's control |
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Forgiveness definition McCullaugn |
reflects an increase in prosocial motive towards another such that there is less 1.less desire to harm transgressor 2. increased desire to act positively toward them |
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Forgiveness definition Tangney 1999 |
A cognitive affective transformation in which the victim moves a realistic assessment of the harm done and acknowledges the perpetrators responsibly but freely chooses to cancel the debt giving up revenge punishment, and restitution. Overcome resentment and anger-> removed from victim role |
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Forgiveness is... |
A response feelings cognitions, behaviours become less negative and pro socail A personal disposition: tendency to forgive others across a range of situations Characteristics of social unit: Families more forgiving of each other |
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Things forgiveness is not |
Not... -condoning , finding justification -excusing-> believe offender has a justifyable defence -Pardon-> escaping legal sanctions -Reconciliation-> preparing relationship with offender -forgetting or denying |
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Unforgiveness as a stress reaction |
Edward Wethington stress coping model_> nature of stress and coping -it feels stressful when a harm has been done -Creates similar physiological states: bp, hr, EMG (muscle tension) -anger in imagined unforgiveness: anger reduces prefrontal activity increases limbic activity (amygdala) -Trait forgiveness associated with reduced levels of stress hormone cortisol -blood chemistry: similar during unforgiveness and stress |
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Justice gap cognitive appraisal |
Magnitude of wrongness and extent to which it has been made right -stage when you evaluate how big it is 1) threat 2)challenge |
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Justice gap Cognitive processing |
int his stage try to figure out how to close the gap threat: 1. rumination and unforgiveness 2. justice, retaliation and avoidance Challenge: 1. problem solving 2. justice, reconciliation, altruism |
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Justice gap coping strategies |
Threat: 1.redeveloping our own sense of competence 2. Rely on relationships with others around us to for support 3. Autonomy Challenge 1. problem solving 2. emotion neutral or positive 3. meaning at the end appraise whether or not we have closed the gap, if not we start all over agin |
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forgivens through emotional replacement |
Empathy sympathy compassion altruistic love |
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Measuring forgiveness heartland forgiveness scale |
trait 7 point scale for self,others, and situation forgiveness "It's hard to accept myself once i messed up" "I continue to punish someone who has done me wrong" "with time I am understanding of others for the mistake they have made " "if others mistreat me I continue to think badly of them" "I eventually make peace with bad situations in my life/God" |
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Measuring forgiveness transgression related interpersonal motivations inventory Trims |
Transgression related interpersonal motivations inventory TRIMS response for a particular trangression 12 point likert scale "ill make him pay" 'I wish that something bad would happen to him or her" "I avoid him or her" "if... I cut off the relationship with him or her " |
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Measuring forgiveness Enright forgiveness inventory |
60 items, 3 20 item subscales directed towards some one who has done you wrong 6 alternative likert Affect: i feel... toward him or her options include, warm negative, kindness, happy, hostile, unloving Behaviour: regarding him her I would... stay away, do a favour, put him down, avoid, ignore Cognitive: I think he/she is... dreadful, worthless, loving, nice |
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Forgivness and Kolberg's stages of moral reasonging |
Enright forgivness as a moral good forgiveness changes over the lifetime |
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Forgivness and Kolberg's stages of moral preconventional |
stage One: punishment and obedience 4-5 years what is right is rewarded and what is wrong is punished no view of forgiveness stage two: instrumental relativism if behaviour meets needs of the individual it is right Forgiveness when restitution takes place, made up for what was lost |
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Forgiveness and Kolberg's stages of moral conventional |
stage three: interpersonal concordance good girl/bad girl expectational forgiveness, forgive bc its expected, its a convention stage four: law and order what ever law/religion permits is good lawful forgiveness: forgive when religion demands it |
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Forgiveness and Kolberg's stages of moral post-conventional |
stage 5: social contract stage, important to maintain harmony, or good relations in society, for general social good stage 6: universal ethics forgive unconditionally because it promotes a true sense of love. have persnality selected values |
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personality and forgivness |
Mauger 1996 forgivers less depressed anxious, hostile Matt and cupach 1998: forgivers less rumination Davidson 1993; forgivers less narcassistic Tangrey 1999: forgivers less hostile, angry, exploitative, more empathetic Mcmcullaugn 1999: forgiveness related positively to agreeableness and negatively to neuroticism |
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social factors and forgiveness |
1) seriousness of offense-> how badly harmed 2) Intentionality of offender 3) presence or absence of an apology-> increases empathy |
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forgiveness health and wellbeing state forgivness weakly related to |
-lower negative affect -fewer psychological symptoms |
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Friedman 1986 type A person given CBT w section on forgiveness cardiology treatment for cardio vascular issue |
cbt = lower hostility greater reduction in heart problems patients indicate forgiveness key to improvements |
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Witveilt 2001 students imagine a forgiving or unforgiving response to real life offenses |
forgivers have lower bp, hr, gsr (arousal) -lower levels of negative affect -higher levels of percieved control |
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Robert enrights model of interpersonal of forgiveness stage one |
uncovering phase examine feelings, psychological defences, unproductive things you have done -confront anger -admitting shame or embarrassment -awareness of the cathexis- energy expenditure -awareness of rummination -comparison with perpatrator-> how much worse off you are then them -awareness of permanent averse change in self -altered "just world" view |
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Robert enrights model of interpersonal of Forgiveness stage two |
decison phase: change of heart old strategies not working willingness to cinsider forgiveness as an option commitment to forgive the offender |
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Robert enrights model of interpersonal of Forgiveness stage 3 |
work phase reframing: see offender in context eg pressures they were under, lack of intention Empathy toward the offender-> understand their feelings at time of offence Acceptance: never going to forget, absorb the pain |
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Robert enrights model of interpersonal of Forgiveness deepening phase |
finding meaning in suffering and forgiveness -realize you needed forgiveness int he past -realize we are not alone we have social support -realization of possible new life purpose eg life purpose -awareness -of decreased negative affect -awareness of emerging positive affect, -meaning, purpose -internal emotional release |
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Worthingtins REACH model |
Recall trangression in suportive (group) enviroment dont avoid Empathize with the transgressor imagine their thoughts and reasons remember good times with the offender deep breathign, mindfulness Altruism gift of forgiveness instil humility, remember own transgressions seek forgiveness from others as well Commitment to emotional forgiveness experienced more internal write letter of forgiveness read letter to the group consider sending to person Hold onto forgiveness despite doubt recalling the hurt not the same as unforgiveness don't block emotions re-read letter of forgiveness work through steps again |
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successful forgiveness interventions ceag care even at gun |
multiple methods to reduce unforgiveness -commitment to forgiveness -empathy or positive emotions for others -promoting altruistic attitude -> I can give what others dont deserve -generalizing to increase forgiveness-> broaden tendency to forgive, stae forgiveness |
