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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the key growth factors/receptors for Vasculogenesis? |
- VEGF-A --> VEGFR1 / Flt1 - VEGF-B --> VEGFR2 / Flk1 |
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What are the key growth factors/receptors for Angiogenesis? |
- Angiopoietin 1/2 --> Tie1/2 |
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What is the key growth factor/receptor for Lymphangiogenesis? |
- VEGF-C --> VEGFR3 / Flt4 |
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Describe Vasculogenesis. |
- Angioblasts arise from mesoderm (only happens in embryos) - Formation of Blood Islands (endothelial clusters with RBCs in lumen) - Angioblasts form Primary Vascular Plexus |
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Describe Angiogenesis. |
- Generation of new blood vessels from existing ones - Remodelling of existing vessels via branching/sprouting - Essential in maternal side of placental development |
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Describe the process of angiogenic sprouting. |
1. ECs selected for sprouting (ECM degrades + GFs trigger movement) 2. Sprout outgrowth from original vessel and is guided via GFs 3. Sprout fusion and lumen formation with sprout from other vessel 4. Perfusion and maturation as EC-EC bonds strengthen |
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How are veins and arteries specified in the embryo? |
Ephrin B2 = Arteries EphB4 = Veins - Bind and react but have opposite effects to each other - Arteries = contractile phenotype |
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What is thought to be the role of GPR124? |
Tells endothelial cells they are brain endothelium = Forms BBB |
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What is required for Lymphangiogenesis? |
- VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 - PROX1 = lymphatic transcription factor - PROX1 KO = oedema |
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What is the function of Pericytes? |
- Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells - Support elasticity/contractility of vessels |
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What is the role of PDGFB? |
Platelet-derived growth factor-beta - Essential in vSMC recruitment around endothelial structures - Avoids haemorrhages from high BP |
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Describe Epithelial-Mesenchyme Transition. |
- Primitive Streak forms + Epiblast cells ingress towards it - Epiblast basement membrane degrades - Epiblast epithelium lose tight junctions (E-cadherins) = allows for migration into mesoderm - Seen in gastrulation and tumour metastasis |
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Describe the role of cadherins and catenins in EMT. |
- E-cadherin expressed in Epiblast cells = down-regulated by Wnt/B-catenin signalling - B-catenin migrates into epiblast nucleus = signals Wnt interaction = allows migration of epithelial cells - Wnt = decrease E-cadherin and increase N-cadherin |
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What are the primary tissues formed by the different Germ Layers? |
Ectoderm = skin and nervous system + retina Mesoderm = bone, blood, vessels, heart etc. Endoderm = tubes with epithelium (GIT, Urinary tract, lungs, liver, pancreas etc.) |
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What is the role of Glucose/Copper transport in gastrulation? |
- Glucose/Copper = essential for process - Embryos with KO Slc2a3 (glucose transporter 3) = don't complete gastrulation - Copper transporter KO = Ctr1 (Slc31a1) KO = no gastrulation |
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Describe the pathology of Teratomas. |
- Tumours with tissue derived from all 3 germ layers - May be from germ cell that developed tumour |
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Describe The Neural Crest and the cell derived from it? |
- Transient cell population migrates out from neuroepithelium after neural folds fuse - PNS cells, EntericNS, Endocrine Adrenal Medulla - Mesectoderm = teeth, cartilage of trachea/larynx + connective tissue + heart valves - Melanocytes (pigment cells) |
