3 History -1

Front 1

Haymarket affair

Back 1

1877, the year massive general strike in many industries n railroads
23,000 strikes in last 2 decades of the 19th century. Rallie sn riots including hamyarket fair riot, Chicago 1886. A bomb exploded Amid policemean who were attacking anarchist demonstrators, it became a symbol of danger of anarchy, socialism, n police brutality n state coercion.
haymarket affair
• 1886, the haymarket affair, a convenient historical symbol to mark a long period of intense class conflict in us that was centered in cities.

Front 2

henry george

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The other major center of discontent over growing economic stratification took the form of national reform movements, most famously associated with a man named
henry george
• in 1879, george published in full form a book called progress n poverty, which was a wildly best selling work of political economy. Hundreds of thousand sof copies sold, a fairly technical book dat advocated a redistribution of the nation’s wealth
George ran on what was a standard labor platform of higher wages shorter hours, improved owkring conditions, gov ownderhsip of utilities, n opposition to the use of police forces to break up political demonstrations
. The source of urban poverty, vice, misery, george believed, was high rent, which preserved inherited inequalities

Front 3

Progressivism

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Roosevelt’s vision would prevail for decades as he dominant approach to the problem of the bity city>progressivism.
. The period of progressivism is quit elong, runs from the beg of 1890s to the end of 19 teens
progressive supporters of all these reforms shared a particular vision: an optimism of the capacity of science n proff training n state power to redesign, reorder the environments in which people lived
Progressivism was n ationawide phenomenon, but it was centered in cities
When progressives spoke of cleaning up the city they were using a metaphor that refered to things like honest gov, also to sanitation, also to the imposition of protestant norms of sexual conduct,
. Sex was a sig part of the progressive ideology, anxiety, among the earliest inst of progressivist agitation were social purity organizations, focused largely on suppression of commercial sex
The chciago relief n aid society=the ideology of dist aid also are part of the prehistory of progressivism. Even in some ways the SF committee of vigilance is part of preshistory of progressivism

Front 4

Jane Addams

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. The most famous of these settlement houses was chicago’s hull house founded in 1889 founded by
Jane Addams
• n ellen gates starr. Under their leadership they org kindergartens, lecture series, the firs tplayground in Chicago, provided a model for settlement houses for middle class philanthropists. Jane herself was critical of the SOC (she thought they were self righteous n condescending) but she too approached poverty from the perspective of a moral critique of the city.

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Charity organization societies

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• S humphrey gurteen founded the first of these charity org societies in Buffalo, great lake city in western NY in 1877, sig the year of the explosion of nationwide class conflict in the form of the railroad strikes. A movement that spread quickly to over 100 cities. They were designed to alleviate the plight of the urban poor, in a more org way than had been done by charities in the past. Its vision of the poor wasn’t sympathetic. The SOC was founded essentially on a critique of urban disorder epitomized by sexual immorality.
leaders of this movement worried that urban growth was exacerbating urban problems. These folks saw urban growth as threatening cuz it widened the moral gap btwn the rich n the poor, the progressive reformers understood cities very well, they saw
the problem for them was that when poor peeps n rich peeps didn’t live in the same area, classes could dev distinct codes of behavior
. At the heart of this labor movement lay the conviction that poverty was the result of immoral habits that could only be improved by exposure to social superiors, that poor peeps need to live in environments wehere the positive example of m idleclass folks could leave them to sobriety n habits of deferred gratification.
they began compiling files on 170,000 families to ind which they made available to landlords, employers, police, the SOC wasn’t an organizer of charity as it was a compiler of info that could be used in detailed examination of the lives of the poor to det if they were worthy of help
The SOCs touted their scientific non-sectarian character (were’t not a church) but the families saw them as moralistic intruders
Settlement house movement was a new strategy, instead of org visits to homes of need, they brought volunteers into opoor neighborhoods

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urban reform movement

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• middle class reformers also sought to recapture the city itself, to take the reigns of municipal power, which is called the
urban reform movement
• popular beg in early 1890s, these reformers, what made their critiques novel was their conviction that salvation of the city lay the purifaction of people n of municipal poltics. The ideological ancestors of the uran reform movement were the vigilants of SF of 1850s. they linked moral reform to political reform, railed against drink ing, gambling, sex, n also corrupt mnicial gov that protected those vices.

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george waring

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the beg of the progressive transformation of the American city, the nature n impact of this transformation could best be seen by loking at the careers of 3 people that were apointd to positions of power in NYC gov. the first was the police commissioner, theodor roosvelent who began enforcing liquor laws, the second man was
george waring
• sanitation commissioner of NYC
he org a well disciplined army of street cleaners, a recycling gprogram. Father of modern municipal sanitation. Miles of miles of sewers were built.

Front 8

Jacob riis

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the beg of the progressive transformation of the American city, the nature n impact of this transformation could best be seen by loking at the careers of 3 people that were apointd to positions of power in NYC gov
The 3rd person was a Danish immigrant
Jacob riis
Housing had become more crowded but the 1880s marked a major acceleration by end of decade, 83% lived in places occupied by more than 10 people. This was a problem, a moral sexual problem, it broke down the barriers of modesty. Jane Addams saw a link between tenements n prostitution.

Front 9

Muckraking journalism

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. riis’s exposure of tenement conditions>classic example of what is called
Muckraking journalism
Compare this to the urban sensationalism of the earlier period. Like the sensationlists, the muckrackers played w/ images of light n darkness n were fond o exposing two sies of the city, one opulent the other wretched. The city a site of fraudulent claims n secrets, a degraded world run by prosmicuity epitomized by prositution. There are imp differences: the progressive reformers sought to remedy the ills, spoke diff about children (much more sympathetic coneption of childhood, eager to protect childhood).
riis believd that municipal parks n playgrounds would promote moral health among the poor. These are progressive solutions n critiques of the city. progressives wanted to make the city less city like n parks were part of that.
• arise of a new class of professional reformers who claimed to be efficient, honest n above partisan politics. There were 2 classes of people who assumed the much more imp role in American public life because of those ideals. Engineers=the second largest profession in end of 19th century—supremely imp to city life. Sanitation engineers were taking over responsibility that used to be assigned to doctors n scientists. They were indispensable to civic leadership, emblems of efficiency, grappling w/ new dimensions of urban grow. One way in which cities grow is through annexation. In the late 1890s cities went on an annexation binge
The second class were middle class women—heavily involved in charities, schools, extending the role of women, municipal “housekeeping.” The settlement movement offered an ideological n acceptable outlet of frustrated women. Connection btwn progressivism n womens suffrage, the progressive movement mounted an attack against those parts of city life that were bastions of male culture, saloons.