Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Trend in dairy cow operations in the US
|
Decreased substantially
|
|
|
Trend in number of dairy cows in US
|
Decreased slightly
|
|
|
Trend in number of dairy cows per operation
|
Increased
|
|
|
Trend in milk production per cow
|
Increased
|
|
|
Volume of rumen compared to rest of ruminant digestive tract
|
68% of volume
|
|
|
Volume of SI compared to rest of ruminant digestive tract
|
20% of volume
|
|
|
Volume of cecum compared to rest of ruminant digestive tract
|
3% of volume
|
|
|
Volume of LI compared to rest of ruminant digestive tract
|
9% of volume
|
|
|
Two categories that plant COH are broken up into
|
- Cell contents
- Cell walls |
|
|
4 classes of molecules that cell contents are broken up into
|
Organic acids
Sugars Starches Fructans |
|
|
4 classes of molecules that cell walls are broken down into
|
Peptic B-glucans
Hemicelluloses Cellulose Lignin |
|
|
What does NDSC stand for?
|
Neutral detergent soluble COH
|
|
|
What does NDSF stand for?
|
Neutral detergent soluble fiber
|
|
|
What does ADF stand for?
|
Acidic detergent fiber
|
|
|
What does NDF stand for?
|
Neutral detergent fiber
|
|
|
4 NDSCs
|
Organic acids
Sugars Starches Fructans |
|
|
2 NDSFs
|
Fructans
Peptic B-Glucans |
|
|
1 ADF
|
Cellulose
|
|
|
2 NDFs
|
Hemicellulose
Cellulose |
|
|
Fate of Fiber as it passes through the rumen and SI (2)
|
- Partially broken into glucose
- Undigested |
|
|
Fate of starch as it passes through the rumen and SI (2)
|
- Partially broken down into glucose in rumen
- Broken down into glucose in SI and absorbed |
|
|
Fate of Glc in rumen
|
Turned into VFAs
|
|
|
3 things VFAs are turned into in rumen
|
- Acetate
- Propionate - Butyrate |
|
|
What is the primary source of NPN?
|
Urea
|
|
|
What does NPN get turned into in the rumen?
|
NH3
|
|
|
What does degraded protein get turned into in the rumen?
|
AAs --> NH3
|
|
|
Two fat soluble vitamins that are absolute requirements for ruminants
|
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin E |
|
|
What is Vitamin A AKA?
|
Retinol
|
|
|
What is Vitamin E AKA?
|
Tocopherol
|
|
|
What is Vitamin K AKA?
|
Phylloquinone
|
|
|
What is Vitamin D AKA?
|
Cholecalciferol
|
|
|
Which two water soluble vitamins give benefits when supplemented?
|
- Niacin (nicotinic acid)
- Biotin |
|
|
What is milk production amount directly related to?
|
Water intake
|
|
|
Increase in net energy requirement in lactating vs non-lactating dairy cows
|
5x
|
|
|
Increase in crude protein requirement in lactating vs non-lactating dairy cows
|
12x
|
|
|
Increase in Ca++ requirement in lactating vs non-lactating dairy cows
|
8x
|
|
|
Increase in DMI requirement in lactating vs non-lactating dairy cows
|
3.5x
|
|
|
Two things needed to meet nutrient demands of high-producing dairy cows
|
- Increase DMI
- Increase nutrient density of food |
|
|
What occurs during Phase I lactation?
|
Peak milk production
|
|
|
What occurs during Phase II lactation?
|
Milk yield begins to decrease
|
|
|
What occurs during Phase III lactation?
|
Milk yield continues to decrease
|
|
|
What occurs during Phase IV lactation?
|
Dry period
|
|
|
What occurs during Phase V lactation?
|
Dry period
|
|
|
Which two dairy cow production phases are dry?
|
IV
V |
|
|
Which dairy cow production phase has peak milk production?
|
I
|
|
|
Which dairy cow production phase has peak DMI?
|
II
|
|
|
During which dairy cow production phase do cows begin to regain body fat?
|
III
|
|
|
Energy balance of phase I
|
Negative
|
|
|
Energy balance of phase II
|
Neutral
|
|
|
Energy balance of phase III
|
Positive
|
|
|
Energy balance of phase IV
|
Positive
|
|
|
Energy balance of phase V
|
Positive
|
|
|
What's the physiologic priority of lactation, reproduction, growth, and maintenance during early lactation?
|
Lactation > reproduction > growth > maintenance
|
|
|
What's the physiologic priority of lactation, reproduction, growth, and maintenance during mid lactation?
|
Reproduction > lactation > growth > maintenance
|
|
|
What's the physiologic priority of lactation, reproduction, growth, and maintenance during late lactation?
|
Reproduction > growth > maintenance > lactation
|
|
|
What can be given during late lactation to shift physiologic priorities back to where they were during mid lactation?
|
bST (bovine somatotropin)
|
|
|
What's the goal of feeding lactating dairy cows?
|
Provide high energy diets that will allow them to achieve their genetic potential to produce milk
|
|
|
What's the dilemma of feeding lactating dairy cows?
|
Feeding high-grain diets will enable high-producing cows to produce more milk, but may cause rumen burnout in the long term and depress milk fat content in the short term due to inadequate dietary fiber intake
|
|
|
What's the challenge of feeding lactating dairy cows?
|
Feeding diets with sufficient energy levels to support maximum milk production while maintaining adequate dietary fiber levels to avoid rumen burnout and milk fat depression
|
|
|
What diet type results in a higher rumen pH?
|
Roughage
|
|
|
What diet type produces a higher saliva amount?
|
Roughage
|
|
|
3 rules of thumb to maintain adequate fiber levels
|
- Formulate diet with minimum forage:concentrate ratio of 40/60
- Formulate diet with minimum of 17% crude fiber or 21% ADF - Feed minimum of 1 to 1.5% of BW in forage |
|
|
What's the least effective method of maintaining adequate fiber levels?
|
Feeding a minimum of 1 to 1.5% of BW in forage
|
|
|
Effective fiber (define)
|
Properties of a feed that cause a cow to chew
- Better to consider effective fiber levels rather than total fiber levels |
|
|
Three things that effective fiber in a feed is dependent on
|
- Particle size
- Amount of fiber - Type of fiber |
|
|
What is Roughage Value Index determined by?
|
Measuring amount of time a cow spends chewing
|
|
|
What has the least RVI?
|
Barley grain
|
|
|
What has the most RVI?
|
Medium Quality Hay
|
|
|
What is the best particle size for performance of lactating dairy cows?
|
Coarse
|
|
|
What are the short term benefits to including adequate levels of effective fiber in the lactating cow diet?
|
Cow will chew more, providing more saliva-based buffers which will increase rumen pH to provide a more favorable environment for fiber-loving microbes
- This causes an overall increase in acetic acid |
|
|
What are the long term benefits to including adequate levels of effective fiber in the lactating cow diet?
|
Prevents rumen burnout (parakeratosis) by maintaining integrity of rumenal epithelial tissue
|
|
|
4 miscellaneous nutritional factors that affect milk composition
|
- Type of grain
- Grain processing - Dietary buffers - Dietary fats |
|
|
How does the type of grain affect milk composition?
|
Faster rates of rumen starch fermentation decreases milk fat
|
|
|
Hierarchy of corn, milo, barley, and wheat in terms of which type of grain is digested fastest
|
Wheat > barley > corn & milo
|
|
|
How does the amount of processing of grain affect milk composition?
|
The more it's processed, the faster the starch will be broken down and thus the more the amount of milk fat will be depressed
|
|
|
Hierarchy of processing methods (cracked/dry rolled, steam flaking, whole) in terms of how quickly they cause the grain to be digested
|
Steam-flaking > cracked/dry rolled > whole
|
|
|
Affect of dietary buffers on milk composition
|
Increases rumen pH which helps to minimize milk fat depression
|
|
|
Affect of dietary fats on milk composition
|
Decreases milk protein
|
|
|
When are dietary buffers the most effective?
|
When cows are fed acidic diets
|
|
|
3 situations in which buffers are beneficial
|
- Heat stress
- Cows are off feed - Milk fat levels are depressed |
|
|
In regards to energy, two benefits to adding fat into the diet
|
- Energy density of the diet increased by replacing grain with fat
- Fat added to diets allow more energy intake |
|
|
3 adverse effects of feeding more than 8% fat in total diet
|
- DMI decreases
- Fiber digestion decreases - Digestive upset increases |
|
|
What's the maximum amount of fat that can be added to a diet without causing adverse effects?
|
5%
|
|
|
When do cows benefit the most from added fat?
|
First 2 - 5 months of lactation
|
|
|
Benefit of fat in terms of pounds of milk produced
|
4 - 6 pounds extra per day
|
|
|
Why is feeding fat to heat-stressed animals beneficial?
|
Heat increment is decreased
|
|
|
2 non-milk related benefits of feeding fats
|
- Reduce ketosis
- Increase reproductive performance |
|
|
What fat type does not disrupt rumen fermentation?
|
Bypass fats (inert fats)
|
|
|
What fat type does disrupt rumen fermentation?
|
Tallow (unprotected fats)
|
|
|
What do rumen inert fats do during negative energy balances?
|
Help maintain BCS
|
|
|
3 things that increasing energy density of a ration does
|
- Maximizes milk production
- Minimizes rebreeding problems - Maintains BCS |
|
|
What is the traditional feeding system?
|
Forages and concentrate based feeds fed seperately
|
|
|
What is total mixed ration feeding system?
|
Mix everything together as a total diet
|
|
|
6 advantages to feeding TMR
|
- No free choice supplements needed
- Cows can't root through and choose what to eat - Cows forced to eat correct balance - Many small meals help maintain rumen pH - Easier to feed cows in various production groups - Reduces social dominance incidences |
|
|
Advantage of a traditional feeding system
|
Cheaper
|
|
|
Goals during early lactation (2)
|
- Maximize intake
- Minimize body loss |
|
|
Energy balance of a dairy cow in Phase I lactation
|
Negative
|
|
|
1 pound in DMI intake is equivalent to how much milk production?
|
2 - 2.5 lbs
|
|
|
Feeding recommendations for early lactation (6)
|
- Use palatable feeds with high energy density
- Consider adding fat to diet - Use high quality forages (alfalfa hay) - Ensure adequate effective fiber levels - Use natural protein supplements (no NPN) - Consider usage of high-quality bypass protein sources |
|
|
Minimum ADF to feed during Phase I lactation
|
19%
|
|
|
Quality of bypass protein is important
|
Higher the quality, the higher the milk production
|
|
|
Goals during Phase II lactation (2)
|
- Maintain high milk production
- Begin to regain BCS lost during early lactation |
|
|
4 feeding recommendations for mid-lactation
|
- Use palatable feeds with high energy density
- Use high quality forages - Ensure adequate fiber levels - Use all natural protein supplements (no NPN) |
|
|
Minimum % ADF for Phase II lactation
|
20%
|
|
|
Goals to achieve during Phase III lactation (3)
|
- Restore BCS ****
- Limit over conditioning of cows - Target BCS: 3.25 - 3.5 |
|
|
Feeding recommendation for Phase III (late) lactation
|
- Lower cost feeds when possible
- Consider using NPN to meet CNH needs |
|
|
During what phase is it easiest to replace fat lost during lactation?
|
Phase III
- Late lactation |
|
|
4 goals of Phase IV (dry period)
|
- Optimize fetal growth
- Prepare cow for next lactation - Minimize length of dry period - Achieve BCS of 3.5 for calving |
|
|
3 feeding recommendations during Phase IV (dry period)
|
- Separate dry cows from lactating cows
- Avoid high-grain diets to prevent abomasal displacement - Avoid feeding excessive Ca++ levels to Px milk fever |
|
|
Goal during Phase V lactation (transition)
|
Acclimate rumen to diet that will be fed during Phase I
- Start feeding Phase I proteins during Phase V |
|
|
3 feeding recommendations during Phase V (transitional)
|
- Feed 0.5 - 1% BW as grain to prevent acidosis
- Continue to limit intake of Ca++ to Px milk fever - Feed high levels of Vitamin A & E to Px mastitis |
|
|
When are cows susceptible to nutritional disorders?
|
First 8 to 10 weeks of lactation during negative energy balance
|
|
|
6 nutritional disorders in early lactating dairy cows
|
- Mastitis ***
- Milk fever ** - Ketosis - Displaced abomasum - Retained placentas - Fat Cow syndrome |
|
|
Which two nutritional disorders in early lactating dairy cows are the most costly?
|
- Milk fever ($344)
- Displaced abomasum ($340) |
|
|
What is milk fever most prevalent in? (2)
|
- High producing cows
- Cows with history of milk fever |
|
|
When does Milk Fever occur?
|
80% of cases within 48 hours of calving
|
|
|
4 symptoms of Milk fever
|
- Hypocalcemia
- Dull and listless - Uncoordinated walking - "Downer" cows |
|
|
What Ca++ level dictates hypocalcemia in a dairy cow?
|
< 5.5 mg Ca/dL
|
|
|
What 'dosage' of Ca++ increases incidence of milk fever?
|
> 100 g / day
|
|
|
Mechanism of dairy cattle acquiring hypocalcemia at calving
|
Feed > 100 g Ca++ / day during late gestation --> down regulation of mechanisms that enhance Ca++ transport --> hypocalcemia during calving
|
|
|
Traditional method of preventing milk fever in dairy cows
|
Feed low Ca++ diets during dry period
|
|
|
New method of preventing milk fever in dairy cows
|
Feed negative dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) during dry period
|
|
|
Recommended target DCAB
|
-10 to -15 meq/100 g diet DM
|
|
|
3 ways to accomplish target DCAB
|
- Avoid feeding high K+ forages
- Add sulfate salts - Add Cl- salts |
|
|
Challenges to feeding negative DCAB diets
|
- Anion salts are expensive
- High levels of anion salts are unpalatable (decrease in DMI) |
|
|
2 predisposing conditions towards ketosis
|
- Older cow
- High producing cow |
|
|
5 symptoms of ketosis
|
- Elevated in ketone bodies
- Depressed Glc levels - Acetone-like odor - DMI decrease - Milk production decrease |
|
|
Level of Glc in a ketotic cow
|
< 40 mg/dL
|
|
|
Level of ketone bodies in a ketotic cow
|
~ 40 mg/dl
|
|
|
3 ways to prevent ketosis in dairy cows
|
- Avoid excess BCS (>4)
- Maximize DMI during early lactation - Feed niacin |
|
|
When does a displaced abomasum generally occur?
|
Within first month of calving
|
|
|
Two predisposing conditions to a displaced abomasum
|
- Older cows
- High producing cows |
|
|
5 nutritional factors associated with displaced abomasum
|
- Anything that makes them go off feed
- Insufficient effective fiber - Excess concentrate feeding during dry period - BCS of > 4 - Too rapid switch from high forage to high concentrate |
|
|
5 minerals or vitamins important in reproduction
|
- Cu
- Mn - Zn - Se - Vitamin E |
|
|
3 things that trace minerals and vitamins make an impact on
|
- Enhanced bull fertility
- Enhanced cow fertility - Enhanced immunity |
|
|
Primary reason producers consult with veterinarians
|
Disease Dx or Tx
|
|
|
Secondary reason producers consult with veterinarians
|
Disease Px
|
|
|
Tertiary reason producers consult with veterinarians
|
Nutrition information
|
|
|
What is the primary source of information producers use for nutrition?
|
Family members
|
|
|
5 areas of nutritional consultation
|
- Monitor herd nutrition status
- Winter feeding programs - Reconditioning programs - Replacement heifer nutrition - Mineral supplementation |
|
|
What do cows eat for spring, summer, and fall?
|
Forage
|
|
|
How much does a cow cost per year?
|
$400
|
|
|
2 types of pasture
|
- Native
- Improved |
|
|
2 basic feedstuffs during Winter
|
- Hay
- Pasture Plus supplementation |
|
|
2 advanced feedstuffs during Winter
|
Hay or Pasture with:
- Stock piled hay - Ryegrass |
|
|
Where does 60% of cost of keeping a cow come from?
|
Winter feed
|
|
|
How much will a 500 lb steer calf sell for in Crocket, TX during November?
|
$145 / cwt
|
|
|
What's the best way to handle hay?
|
Have the cattle 'harvest' it themselves
|
|
|
What is used for winter pastures?
|
Ryegrass
|
|
|
4 nutrients evaluated when determining a beef herd's nutrition status
|
- Energy
- CNH - Minerals - Vitamins |
|
|
Which nutrient do you worry about first?
|
CNH
- Energy will follow suit |
|
|
What's the measure of energy content in hay?
|
TDM
|
|
|
What's used to determine TDM of hay?
|
A corer
|
|
|
Square bales are better at assessing TDM than round bales
|
Each bale has a different TDM
|
|
|
Two ways to analyze energy status
|
- BCS
- Fecal NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) |
|
|
What is fertility rate near optimal at?
|
BCS 5
- Any higher and you start getting diminishing returns on price per % fertility. |
|
|
Percent production of BCS 4 cows
|
75%
|
|
|
Percent production of BCS 3 cows
|
50%
|
|
|
3 problems of thin cows vs cows with a good BCS
|
- Lower calf survival
- Lower weaning weight - Lower pregnancy weight |
|
|
Which form of precipitation is adverse to cattle body weight?
|
Rain
- Snow is OK though |
|
|
Target BCS for first-calf heifers
|
6.0 at calving
|
|
|
Target BCS for mature cows
|
5.0 at calving
|
|
|
4 key times to check BCS on beef cattle
|
- Onset of breeding
- Mid-summer - Pregnancy exams - Onset of calving |
|
|
4 things that NIRS evaluates
|
- Digestible organic matter (TDN)
- Crude [protein] - Ca - P |
|
|
3 things used to evaluate CNH status
|
- NIRS
- BUN - Quality of feces |
|
|
What's the most important nutrient in beef cattle nutrition?
|
CNH
|
|
|
What is winter feeding based on?
|
Protein needs
|
|
|
What are cows deficient in during winter?
|
CNH
|
|
|
What's the most costly portion of a nutrition program?
|
CNH
|
|
|
7 minerals TX is deficient in
|
- P
- Ca - Mg - Mn - Cu - Se - Zn |
|
|
4 reasons to sample for mineral deficiency
|
- Poor performance
- Illness - Adequate reserves - Efficacy of supplementation program |
|
|
Order of deficiency acquisition of:
Immunity Growth Clinical signs Fertility |
- Decreased immunity first
- Decreased fertility - Decreased growth - Clinical signs last |
|
|
What mineral is evaluated by sampling whole blood?
|
Se
|
|
|
What 5 minerals are evaluated by serum samples?
|
- Ca
- Mg - Mn - P - Zn |
|
|
What mineral is evaluated with a liver sample?
|
Copper
|
|
|
2 minerals in water
|
- SO4
- Ca |
|
|
Which mineral in water affects palatability?
|
SO4
|
|
|
Important vitamin that may require supplementation in dairy cattle
|
Vitamin A
|
|
|
How much weight of minerals does a cow need per day?
|
2 oz
|
|
|
How many pounds of minerals does a cow need per year?
|
45 pounds
|
|
|
Which two classes of nutrients are skimped on by owners?
Why? |
- Minerals
- Vitamins Expensive |
|
|
Most important nutrient in bovine diet?
|
CNH
|
|
|
What can vitamin A deficiency cause in birthing cattle?
|
Retained placenta
|
|
|
Most important component of a nutritional feed program
|
Water
|
|
|
Most important component of a cow-calf feed program
|
CNH
|
|
|
Two methods to determine feed intake
|
- Actual consumption
- Estimates of daily DMI |
|
|
What's the rule of thumb for % DMI of forage to feed for pregnant and lactating cows?
|
2 - 2.5%
- Lactating needs higher than pregnant, but both need around that range. |
|
|
As quality of hay increases, consumption of hay _______.
|
Decreases
|
|
|
Nutrition requirement, from highest to lowest, of these stages:
Pregnant and lactating Pre-calving Parturition and breeding Mid-gestation |
Parturition and Breeding
Pregnant and Lactating Pre-calving Mid-gestation |
|
|
Duration of parturition and breeding period
|
80 days
|
|
|
Duration of pregnancy and lactation period
|
125 days
|
|
|
Duration of mid-gestation period
|
110 days
|
|
|
Duration of pre-calving period
|
50 days
|
|
|
6 things that beef cow nutrient requirements depend on
|
- Period of reproductive cycle
- BCS - Age - Size - Milk production - Environment |
|
|
Two stages that require supplementing in
|
- Late gestation
- Early lactation |
|
|
Two general groups of cattle based on age and condition
|
- Young, old, thin
- Mature, good BCS |
|
|
When in the day should supplements be fed? (2)
|
- Noonish
- After 6 PM |
|
|
What's important about round bales vs square bales as far as pregnancy goes?
|
Round bales don't dry as well and fungus can grow in them.
- This can cause abortion in pregnant cows |
|
|
How many square bales of hay make up a round bale?
|
25
|
|
|
How many round bales of hay will a cow require over a winter period?
|
2
|
|
|
3 positive effects of protein supplementation
|
- Rumen microbes do better
- Digestibility of forage increases 2 - 8% (up until dietary CNH is 8%) - DMI increases 20 - 40% |
|
|
What's the biggest nutritional mistake in beef cow/calf operation? Why?
|
Feeding corn in winter time
Causes digestion ability to decrease |
|
|
3 negative effects of energy supplementation
|
- Lowers rumen pH and impairs rumen microbes
- Forage digestibility decreases - DMI decreases |
|
|
Threshold for negative effects associated with energy supplementation
|
Occurs when energy supplementation is greater than 0.4% of BW
- ~5 lbs grain/breeders cubes per cow |
|
|
3 conditions in which to use protein supplementation
|
- Forage availability high
- Cows in good BCS - Cows in late pregnancy to early lactation |
|
|
How many pounds of weight does a calf gain per month as a general rule?
|
100 pounds per month
|
|
|
At what point can a calf digest urea?
|
4 months (400 pounds)
|
|
|
Energy is needed to change urea into protein
|
Energy is needed to change urea into protein
|
|
|
When to use Protein/Energy supplementation? (3)
|
- Forage availability is low
- Cows are in poor BCS - Weather is wet and cold |
|
|
4 protein supplements
|
- Cottonseed
- Soybean - CNH blocks - Liquid supplement |
|
|
3 Protein/Energy supplements
|
- Whole cottonseed
- 20% CNH cubes - Protein-grain |
|
|
When to use energy supplements? (2)
|
- Forage quality high but limited in amount
- Want to gain weight |
|
|
4 energy supplements
|
Corn
Milo Wheat Oats |
|
|
2 mid-summer reconditioning programs
|
- Protein supplementation
- Early weaning |
|
|
Fall reconditioning program
|
Feeding group
|
|
|
Two things to do to jump-start thin cows at the beginning of breeding season if BCS is 4 - 5
|
- 'Flush' grain 2 weeks before and 3 weeks into breeding
- 48 hours calf removal (not recommended) |
|
|
One thing to do to jump-start thin cows at the beginning of breeding season if BCS is 3 - 4
|
Early calf weaning at 60 - 90 days old
|
|
|
4 feeding periods
|
- Birth to weaning
- Weaning to breeding - Breeding to mid-gestation - Last 60 - 90 days of gestation |
|
|
3 things to feed Birth to Weaning category
|
- Milk
- Pasturage - Minerals |
|
|
Goal of feeding during Weaning to Breeding category
|
Reach target weight
|
|
|
Average Daily Gain required to reach target weight
|
1.4 lbs / day (215 lbs over 150 days)
- Don't want to go over this - Adjust by moving dates |
|
|
2 dietary categories for the Weaning to Breeding category
|
- Basic forage (pasture, hay, ryegrass)
- Supplementation |
|
|
ADG of a post-weaning diet on good quality hay
|
0.5 to 1.0 lbs / day
|
|
|
ADG of a post-weaning diet on good to excellent quality hay
|
1.0 to 1.5 lbs / day
|
|
|
Target weight of a stocker/feedlot operation
|
700 - 800 lbs
|
|
|
Feed:gain ratio for a 600 lb steer
|
6 lbs feed for 1 lb gain
|
|
|
3 types of stocker diets
|
- Grain pasturage
- Grass pasturage - Crop residue |
|
|
2 supplements to use for stocker diets
|
- Energy
- Energy/protein combination |
|
|
5 diseases associated with stockers
|
- Pneumonia
- Hypermagnesium tetany - Polioencephalomalacia - Bloat - Urinary calculi |
|
|
4 predisposing risk factors of urinary calculi
|
- Vitamin A deficiency
- High silicates or oxalates - High minerals in water - Water deprivation |
|
|
2 Dietary recommendations for prevention of urinary calculi
|
- Increase [NaCl] of ration to 1% of dry matter
(or) - Add ammonium chloride to concentrates (2% of dry matter) |
|
|
3 predisposing risk factors of polioencephalomalacia
|
- Lush pastures
- Mexican fireweed consumption - High concentrate diet |
|
|
3 ways to prevent polioencephalomalacia
|
- Avoid drastic change
- Thiamine injection - Thiamine supplementation |
|
|
How much do growth promotant implants increase daily weight gains?
|
10 - 15%
|
|
|
How much do growth promotant implants increase feed efficiency?
|
2 - 10%
|
|
|
Level of estrogen, in ng/lb, in the meat of a pregnant cow
|
636 ng/lb
|
|
|
Level of estrogen, in ng/lb, in the meat of a implanted cow
|
10 ng/lb
|
|
|
Level of estrogen, in ng/lb, in the meat of a non-implanted cow
|
7 ng/lb
|
|
|
Adverse effect of implants in steers
|
Buller
- Bull that's being ridden by its fellow pen mates |
|
|
Adverse effect of implants in heifers (2)
|
- Vaginal prolapses
- Reduced pregnancy rates or sterility |
|
|
How much do ionophores increase weight gains in feedlot calves?
|
5 - 10%
|
|
|
How much do ionophores increase weight gains in stocker calves?
|
Up to 15%
|
|
|
How much do ionophores increase feed efficiency?
|
5 - 10%
|
|
|
3 other benefits of ionophores aside from weight gain and feed efficiency
|
- Coccidiostats
- Inhibits lactic acid synthesis - Inhibits bloat |
|
|
3 feedlot diseases related to nutrition
|
- Pneumonia
- Lactic acidosis - Urolithiasis |
|
|
Study the Acute Lactic Acidosis slide on top of page 10 of the Stocker/Feedlot Calf Nutrition powerpoint handout
|
Study the Acute Lactic Acidosis slide on top of page 10 of the Stocker/Feedlot Calf Nutrition powerpoint handout
|
|
|
5 ways to prevent lactic acidosis
|
- Gradually adapt calves to high grain diet
- Avoid mistakes in ration formulation - Drop grain percentage if skip meal or feed late - Feed buffers - Ionophores |
