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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Term for straining to urinate
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Stranguria
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Term for unduly frequent passage of urine
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Pollakiuria
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Term for painful or difficult urination
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Dysuria
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Term for no urination
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Anuria
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Term for blood in urine
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Hematuria
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Term for large number of WBCs in urine
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Pyuria
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3 major uroliths in dogs in order of prevalence
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- Struvite
- Ammonium urate - Calcium oxalate |
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3 conditions needed for a urolith to form
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- Supersaturated solution of urolith constituents
- pH favorable to crystallization - Sufficient time for crystallization to occur |
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2 conditions that aid urolith formation, but aren't necessary
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- UTI
- Nidus |
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Composition of a struvite urolith (4)
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- Mg
- NH4 - PO4 - Sometimes Ca |
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What, in the urine, is related to dietary [CNH]? (2)
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- Urea
- NH4 |
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pH favorable for struvite crystallization
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Alkaline
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Five things a diet for struvite dissolution needs to do
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- Restrict Mg, PO4, Ca
- Restrict protein - Cause production of acidic urine - Promote diuresis - Control UTI |
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Which prescription diet is used to control struvite crystals?
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s/d
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How can you tell if s/d is being fed?
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BUN < 10
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What prescription diet can be used to help prevent struvite formation?
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c/d
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Composition of ammonium urate crystal (2)
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- NH4
- Uric acid |
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pH favorable for crystallization of ammonium urate crystal
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Acidic
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Diet for dissolution of ammonium urate crystal needs to do what three things?
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- Restrict purines
- Restrict CNH - Cause production of alkaline urine |
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What diet is used to treat ammonium urate crystal?
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u/d
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What, in addition to dietary control, should also be considered in the case of ammonium urate uroliths? (3)
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- UTI must be controlled
- Urate production can be reduced by giving allopurinol - Ammonium urate uroliths may pass into urethra and cause obstruction |
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Drug that helps treat ammonium urate crystal
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Allopurinol
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What physical event may occur with ammonium urate crystals?
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Uroliths may pass into urethra and cause obstruction
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Current diet of choice for prevention of ammonium urate crystals
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u/d
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What are calcium oxalate crystals composed of? (2)
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- Ca
- Oxalic acid |
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pH favorable for crystallization of calcium oxalate crystals
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pH doesn't matter
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Gender predilection for calcium oxalate crystals
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Male
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How do you treat calcium oxalate crystals?
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Surgical only
- Cannot be dissolved |
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4 ways to prevent calcium oxalate crystals formation
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- Restrict Ca
- Restrict Na - Sequester Ca and oxalate in urine - Uncouple calcium excretion into urine from sodium excretion |
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How can you sequester calcium and oxolate in urine?
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Potassium citrate
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Two things not to do in oxalate urolithiasis
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- Don't give urinary acidifiers (induces osteoclasts and Ca++ reabsorption)
- Don't give Vitamin C (increases oxalate formation) |
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What do you use to uncouple the calcium and sodium excretion?
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Thiazide diuretic
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