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52 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is the condition caused by hypomagnesemia?
Downer Cow Syndrome
Two predisposing factors to hypomagnesemia
- Low energy intake
- Stress
Primary clinical signs of hypomagnesemia
Neurological
3 DDx of hypomagnesemia
- Rabies
- Ketosis
- Hypocalcemia
3 blood values decreased in hypomagnesemia
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
Tx of hypomagnesemia
Calcium borogluconate with dextrose, magnesium, and/or phosphate
Px of hypomagnesemia
- Provide energy source
- Add magnesium supplement
Effect of ionophores in ruminants
Negative rumen signs, such as decreased protozoal activity, decreased rumen turnover, etc.
Which species are extremely sensitive to ionophores?
Horses
Primary pathological sign of ionophore toxicity
Flabby chicken heart (fatty, dilated heart)
What is the 'blood agent'?
Cyanide
What is Cyanide found in?
Johnson grass
MoA of Cyanide
Antagonizes energy transport in mitochondria
What does Cyanide cause in horses?
Sorghum cystitis
What causes sorghum cystitis in horses?
Cyanide
3 CS of cyanide in horses
- Dribbling urine
- Posterior ataxia
- Full bladder due to no abdominal press
Tx of Cyanide (4)
- Rhodanese
- Na Nitrite
- Na Thiosulfate
- Hydroxycobalamin
What does nitrate/nitrite toxicity cause primarily?
Methemoglobinemia
3 CS of nitrate/nitrite toxicity
- Dark, brown blood and tissue
- O2 insufficiency (due to methemoglobinemia)
- Fetal death (due to lack of O2)
Species most susceptible to nitrate/nitrite toxicity
Ruminants
Which animals have a predisposition towards nitrate/nitrite toxicity?
Those on a low energy ration
Tx of nitrate/nitrite toxicity
Methylene Blue
Pathogenesis of Sodium + H2O deprivation
Shuts down Na/K pump activity
What is the primary problem in Sodium + H2O deprivation?
Rapid reintroduction of water causes cerebral edema
Disease condition of sodium + H2O deprivation in cattle
Polioencephalomalacia
Disease condition of sodium + H2O deprivation in swine
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
Primary species susceptible to sodium + H2O deprivation
Swine
Primary age group susceptible to sodium + H2O deprivation
Neonates
Tx of sodium + H2O deprivation
Small amount of water
MoA of NPN toxicity
Inhibits glutamate transport in the brain
What species is not susceptible to NPN toxicity?
Horses
Condition caused by NPN toxicity
Bonkers (Ammoniated Feed Syndrome)
Tx of NPN toxicity
Cold vinegar (acetic acid) water
What group does chocolate and caffeine belong to?
Methyl xanthines
HL of theobromine
17.5 hrs
HL of caffeine
4.5 hrs
MoA of Methyl xanthines
Inhibits cAMP
Order of organ systems affected by methyl xanthines
GI > neuro > CV
Two CV signs of methyl xanthine toxicity
- Cardiomyopathy
- Arrhthymias
Tx for neurological signs associated with methyl xanthine toxicity
Diazepam
Tx for bradycardia associated with methyl xanthine toxicity
Atropine
MoA of xylitol
Stimulates insulin secretion
Two CS of Xylitol
- Hypoglycemia
- Acute hepatic necrosis
2 species affected by Xylitol
Dogs
Cats
Time until onset of signs due to xylitol
30 - 60 min.
What toxic chemical is a byproduct of the petroleum industry?
Melamine
Pathogenesis of Melamine toxicity
Forms crystals in kidneys leading to blockade of renal collecting ducts and crystalluria
Major source of Melamine toxicity
Usage as an NPN source
What is the chemical name of antifreeze?
Ethylene glycol
What's the cause of acute death in ethylene glycol toxicity?
Metabolic acidosis
Tx of ethylene glycol toxicity (2)
- Ethanol
- Activated charcoal
Stage progression of ethylene glycol toxicity
Stage 1: 30 minutes - hours: CNS depression, vomiting, PU/PD

Stage 2: 12 - 24 hours; apparent (biphasic) recovery

Stage 3: 12 - 24 hours (cat), 24 - 72 hours (dog). Renail failure, oxalates in urine, systemic acidosis