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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the condition caused by hypomagnesemia?
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Downer Cow Syndrome
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Two predisposing factors to hypomagnesemia
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- Low energy intake
- Stress |
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Primary clinical signs of hypomagnesemia
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Neurological
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3 DDx of hypomagnesemia
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- Rabies
- Ketosis - Hypocalcemia |
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3 blood values decreased in hypomagnesemia
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- Calcium
- Magnesium - Phosphorus |
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Tx of hypomagnesemia
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Calcium borogluconate with dextrose, magnesium, and/or phosphate
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Px of hypomagnesemia
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- Provide energy source
- Add magnesium supplement |
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Effect of ionophores in ruminants
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Negative rumen signs, such as decreased protozoal activity, decreased rumen turnover, etc.
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Which species are extremely sensitive to ionophores?
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Horses
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Primary pathological sign of ionophore toxicity
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Flabby chicken heart (fatty, dilated heart)
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What is the 'blood agent'?
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Cyanide
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What is Cyanide found in?
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Johnson grass
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MoA of Cyanide
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Antagonizes energy transport in mitochondria
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What does Cyanide cause in horses?
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Sorghum cystitis
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What causes sorghum cystitis in horses?
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Cyanide
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3 CS of cyanide in horses
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- Dribbling urine
- Posterior ataxia - Full bladder due to no abdominal press |
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Tx of Cyanide (4)
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- Rhodanese
- Na Nitrite - Na Thiosulfate - Hydroxycobalamin |
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What does nitrate/nitrite toxicity cause primarily?
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Methemoglobinemia
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3 CS of nitrate/nitrite toxicity
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- Dark, brown blood and tissue
- O2 insufficiency (due to methemoglobinemia) - Fetal death (due to lack of O2) |
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Species most susceptible to nitrate/nitrite toxicity
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Ruminants
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Which animals have a predisposition towards nitrate/nitrite toxicity?
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Those on a low energy ration
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Tx of nitrate/nitrite toxicity
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Methylene Blue
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Pathogenesis of Sodium + H2O deprivation
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Shuts down Na/K pump activity
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What is the primary problem in Sodium + H2O deprivation?
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Rapid reintroduction of water causes cerebral edema
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Disease condition of sodium + H2O deprivation in cattle
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Polioencephalomalacia
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Disease condition of sodium + H2O deprivation in swine
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Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
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Primary species susceptible to sodium + H2O deprivation
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Swine
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Primary age group susceptible to sodium + H2O deprivation
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Neonates
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Tx of sodium + H2O deprivation
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Small amount of water
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MoA of NPN toxicity
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Inhibits glutamate transport in the brain
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What species is not susceptible to NPN toxicity?
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Horses
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Condition caused by NPN toxicity
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Bonkers (Ammoniated Feed Syndrome)
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Tx of NPN toxicity
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Cold vinegar (acetic acid) water
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What group does chocolate and caffeine belong to?
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Methyl xanthines
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HL of theobromine
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17.5 hrs
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HL of caffeine
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4.5 hrs
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MoA of Methyl xanthines
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Inhibits cAMP
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Order of organ systems affected by methyl xanthines
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GI > neuro > CV
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Two CV signs of methyl xanthine toxicity
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- Cardiomyopathy
- Arrhthymias |
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Tx for neurological signs associated with methyl xanthine toxicity
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Diazepam
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Tx for bradycardia associated with methyl xanthine toxicity
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Atropine
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MoA of xylitol
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Stimulates insulin secretion
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Two CS of Xylitol
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- Hypoglycemia
- Acute hepatic necrosis |
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2 species affected by Xylitol
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Dogs
Cats |
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Time until onset of signs due to xylitol
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30 - 60 min.
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What toxic chemical is a byproduct of the petroleum industry?
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Melamine
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Pathogenesis of Melamine toxicity
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Forms crystals in kidneys leading to blockade of renal collecting ducts and crystalluria
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Major source of Melamine toxicity
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Usage as an NPN source
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What is the chemical name of antifreeze?
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Ethylene glycol
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What's the cause of acute death in ethylene glycol toxicity?
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Metabolic acidosis
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Tx of ethylene glycol toxicity (2)
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- Ethanol
- Activated charcoal |
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Stage progression of ethylene glycol toxicity
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Stage 1: 30 minutes - hours: CNS depression, vomiting, PU/PD
Stage 2: 12 - 24 hours; apparent (biphasic) recovery Stage 3: 12 - 24 hours (cat), 24 - 72 hours (dog). Renail failure, oxalates in urine, systemic acidosis |