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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Toxic agent of Aesulus spp.
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Glycosidic saponin
- Ohio Buckeye may have narcotic effects as well |
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When is Aesulus spp. toxicity problematic?
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Early spring
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Two primary livestock species affected by Aesulus spp.
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- Cattle
- Horses |
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Toxic agent of Asclepias spp.
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Bufenolides (nn.)
Glycosides (cardiac) |
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Toxic agent of Oxytropis spp.
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Swainsonine (alkaloid)
- AKA Locoine |
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Why is Oxytropis spp. intoxication dangerous to humans?
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Clinical signs may disappear and then re-appear when stressed or excited
- Can make handling animals suddenly dangerous |
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2 clinical conditions of Oxytropis spp.
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- Brisket disease / High Mountain Disease
- CHF |
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Species that's most susceptible to Oxytropis spp.
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Equine
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Species susceptibility to Oxytropis spp.
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In order:
- Equine - Bovine - Sheep - Goat |
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3 effects on reproduction of Oxytropis spp.
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- Teratogenesis
- Abortions - Estrus suppression |
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Which neurotoxic plants cause abortion? (3)
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- Oxytropis spp.
- Claviceps purpurea - Claviceps cinerea |
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Which neurotoxic plant causes teratogenesis? (2)
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- Oxytropis spp.
- Coneum spp. (pigs) |
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Which neurotoxic plant causes selenium accumulation?
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Oxytropis spp.
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Toxic agent of Brunfelsia spp. (2)
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- Brunfesamidine
- Hopeanine |
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Most sensitive species to Brunfelsia spp.
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Dogs (due to longer half-life)
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Three clinical signs of Brunfelsia spp. intoxication
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- Convulsions
- Salivation - Tonicity |
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What condition does Centaurea spp. cause?
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Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia
- Necrosis of globus pallidus & substantia nigra |
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What neurotoxic plant causes Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia?
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Centaurea spp.
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Species affected by Centaurea spp.
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Horses only
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What neurotoxic plant causes facial paralysis in horses?
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Centaurea spp.
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Toxic agent of Cicuta spp.
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Cicutoxin
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3 clinical signs of Cicuta spp.
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- Opisthotonus
- Complete paralysis - Respiratory failure |
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What group of animals is most affected by Cicuta spp. intoxication?
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Young calves
- All are affected, but especially young calves |
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Which neurotoxic plant is actually a fungus and not a plant?
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Claviceps spp.
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Two toxic agents of Claviceps spp.
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- Ergotamine
- Ergotoxine |
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Species affected by Claviceps spp.
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Cattle
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Which two Claviceps species cause Gangrene?
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- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea |
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Which Claviceps species causes 'Dallis Grass Staggers'?
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- C. paspali
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Which two Claviceps species cause abortion?
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- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea |
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Which two Claviceps species cause vasotropic disease?
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- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea |
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Toxic agent of Conium spp.
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Coniine (alkaloid)
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Why is Conium intoxication especially important in pigs?
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Teratogenesis
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Toxic agent of Cycads
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Cycasin, a carcinogenic glycoside
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What is the most damaging symptom of Cycads?
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Neoplasia (caused by methylazomethanol)
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Two primary species affected by Cycads
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- Cattle
- Dogs |
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Which species has only neurological symptoms of cycad poisoning?
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Cattle
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Which species has neurological signs and hepatic failure due cycad poisoning?
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Dogs
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Which species has GI upset due to cycad poisoning?
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All
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What do you treat Datura spp. toxicity with?
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Physostigmine
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Toxic agent of Delphinium spp.
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Alkaloids
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How fast can Delphinium spp. kill?
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Seconds to minutes
- Some cattle die with the plants not even swallowed |
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Which neurotoxic plant species can kill within seconds to minutes?
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Delphinium spp.
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Primary species affected by Delphinium spp.
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Cattle
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Which species is resistant to Delphinium spp.?
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Sheep
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Tx of Delphinium spp.
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Nicotinamide
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Toxic agent of Helenium spp.
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Helenalin (sesquiterpene lactone)
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Which species of Helenium spp. is nontoxic?
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H. amarum
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Which species of Helenium spp. is mildly toxic?
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H. hoopseii
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Which species of Helenium spp. is very toxic?
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H. microcephalum
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What does Helenium amarum cause?
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Bitter tasting milk
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What does Helenium hoopseii cause?
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Spewing disease
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What causes Spewing Disease?
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Helenium hoopseii
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Primary species affected by Helenium spp.?
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Sheep
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Toxic agent of Hymenoxys spp.
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Hymenoxon (sesquiterpene lactone)
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Prophylactic diet for Hymenoxys spp.
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- Natural protein
- Sulfate |
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Primary species affected by Hymenoxys spp.
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Sheep
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What is the #1 problem in Texas sheep?
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Hymenoxys spp. intoxication
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Which neurotoxic plant smells badly?
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Hymenoxys spp.
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What does Hymenoxys spp. intoxication cause?
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Pharynx and respiratory problems
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What's relatively unique about Hymenoxys spp.?
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Sheep can become habituated to the toxicity
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Primary species affected by Ipomoea spp.
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Humans
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Why are humans the primary species affected by Ipomoea spp.?
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Cause they like to trip balls on LSD
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Toxic agent of Iscoma spp.
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Tremetol
- Trematone |
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Toxic agent of Eupatorium spp.
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Tremetol
- Trematone |
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Primary clinical sign of Iscoma spp.
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Fetlock Knuckling
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Primary clinical sign of Eupatorium spp.
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Fetlock Knuckling
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Primary species affected by Iscoma spp. intoxication (2)
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- Cattle
- Horses |
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Primary species affected by Eupatorium spp. intoxication
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Goat (especially Angora)
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3 clinical signs of Eupatorium spp. intoxication
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- Fetlock knuckling
- Convulsions - Ketosis |
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3 clinical signs of Iscoma spp. intoxication
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- Fetlock knuckling
- Convulsions - Ketosis |
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What two neurotoxic plants cause Myocardial necrosis and hydropericardium in horses?
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- Eupatorium spp.
- Iscoma spp. |
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What does Eupatorium and Iscoma spp. additionally cause in goats?
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Liver problems
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What plant genera have ketosis with acetone breath and urinary incontinence?
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- Iscoma spp.
- Eupatorium spp. |
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Two clinical signs of Kallstroemia spp.
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- Posterior paralysis
- Fetlock knuckling |
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Primary species affected by Kallstroemia spp.
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Cattle
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Species affected by Kallstroemia spp. (3)
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- Cattle
- Sheep - Goats |
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Toxic Agent of Karwinskia spp.
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Karwinol A
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Primary symptom of Karwinskia spp. intoxication
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Limber leg
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Primary lesion of Karwinskia spp. intoxication
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Demyelination of posterior spinal cord
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Species affected by Karwinskia spp. intoxication, and ranking
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All
Goats > Sheep > Cattle |
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Recovery from Karwinskia spp. intoxication
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No recovery
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Which neurotoxic plant has 3 sympathomimetic amines as a suspected toxic agent?
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Acacia spp.
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Which neurotoxic plant is only toxic after several months of ingestion, and is otherwise safe to eat?
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Acacia spp.
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Two signs of Acacia spp.
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- Guajillo Wobbles (AKA Limber Leg)
- Posterior paralysis |
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Lesions of Acacia spp.
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None in the CNS
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Species affected by Acacia spp. (2)
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- Sheep
- Goats |
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Recovery from Acacia spp.
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Possible to recover from
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Two neurotoxic plants that are organophosphates
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- Triaryl PO4
- Tri-O-Cresyl PO4 |
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How does Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4 become toxic?
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Biotransformation to a neurotoxic esterase
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Primary symptom of Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
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Posterior paralysis
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Primary lesion of Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
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Demyelination
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Species affected by Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
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All
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Most susceptible species to Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
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Young chicks
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Recovery from Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
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No recovery
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Toxic agent of Lobelia spp.
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N-methyl piperidine (alkaloid)
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Which neurotoxic plant is digested slowly so may see CSs long after exposure?
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Lobelia spp.
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2 clinical signs of Lobelia spp.
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- Oral ulcers
- Downer cow |
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Order of organ systems affected by Lobelia spp.
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1st: GIT
2nd: Neuro |
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Primary species affected by Lobelia spp.
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Cattle
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Tx of Lobelia spp.
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TLC
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Toxic agent of Peganum spp.
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Alkaloids
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Lesions seen with Peganum spp.
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No gross lesions
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3 symptoms seen with Peganum spp.
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- Chronic poor doer
- Fetlock knuckling - Acute death |
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Species affected by Peganum spp. (2)
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- Cattle
- Sheep |
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How do you prevent Peganum spp. intoxication?
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Hard to get rid of; have to sterilize soil
|
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Two toxic agents of Pteridium spp.
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- Thiaminase
- Glycoside |
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Symptom of Pteridium spp. intoxication
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Thiamine deficiency
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Primary species affected by Pteridium spp. neurologically
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Horses
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Treatment of Pteridium spp.
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Thiamine
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2 toxic agents of Equisetum spp.
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- Thiaminase (eq)
- Alkaloid (bov) |
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Primary species affected by Equisetum spp.
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Horses
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How do cattle react to Equisetum spp. intoxication?
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Decreased condition and milk production
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Tx of Equisetum spp.
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Thiamine
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What causes 'Crazy Cow Syndrome'?
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Solanum dimidiatum
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Mechanism of Action of Solanum dimidiatum
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Inhibits lysosomal hydrolase to cause a lysosomal storage disease
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Microscopic lesions of Solanum dimidiatum intoxication
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Purkinje cells in brain are destroyed
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Primary species affected by Solanum dimidiatum
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Cattle
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How dangerous is Solanum dimidiatum?
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100% morbidity
- Low mortality; death usually due to accidents |
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Toxic agent of Sophora spp.
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Cystine (alkaloid)
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Which neurotoxic plant is toxic only when masticated?
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Sophora spp.
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Which species recovers from Sophora spp. intoxication?
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Sheep
|
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Which species does not recover from Sophora spp. intoxication?
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Cattle
|
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Toxic agents of Vicia spp.
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- Glycosides
- Cyanide |
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Two organ systems affected by Vicia spp.
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- Kidneys
- Skin |
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Which plant has several species that cause specific clinical signs to specific species of animals?
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Vicia spp.
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Toxic agent of Zygadenus spp.
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Steroidal alkaloid, Zygazine
|
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When is Zygadenus spp. a problem?
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Early spring
|
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2 symptoms of Zygadenus spp.
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Hypotension
Teratogenesis |
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Which plant do pigs avoid intoxication by vomiting?
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Zygadenus spp.
|
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Tx of Zygadenus spp.
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None available
|
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What does Zygadenus spp. look like?
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Onions
- Doesn't smell like onions though |