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131 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Toxic agent of Aesulus spp.
Glycosidic saponin
- Ohio Buckeye may have narcotic effects as well
When is Aesulus spp. toxicity problematic?
Early spring
Two primary livestock species affected by Aesulus spp.
- Cattle
- Horses
Toxic agent of Asclepias spp.
Bufenolides (nn.)
Glycosides (cardiac)
Toxic agent of Oxytropis spp.
Swainsonine (alkaloid)
- AKA Locoine
Why is Oxytropis spp. intoxication dangerous to humans?
Clinical signs may disappear and then re-appear when stressed or excited
- Can make handling animals suddenly dangerous
2 clinical conditions of Oxytropis spp.
- Brisket disease / High Mountain Disease
- CHF
Species that's most susceptible to Oxytropis spp.
Equine
Species susceptibility to Oxytropis spp.
In order:
- Equine
- Bovine
- Sheep
- Goat
3 effects on reproduction of Oxytropis spp.
- Teratogenesis
- Abortions
- Estrus suppression
Which neurotoxic plants cause abortion? (3)
- Oxytropis spp.
- Claviceps purpurea
- Claviceps cinerea
Which neurotoxic plant causes teratogenesis? (2)
- Oxytropis spp.
- Coneum spp. (pigs)
Which neurotoxic plant causes selenium accumulation?
Oxytropis spp.
Toxic agent of Brunfelsia spp. (2)
- Brunfesamidine
- Hopeanine
Most sensitive species to Brunfelsia spp.
Dogs (due to longer half-life)
Three clinical signs of Brunfelsia spp. intoxication
- Convulsions
- Salivation
- Tonicity
What condition does Centaurea spp. cause?
Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia
- Necrosis of globus pallidus & substantia nigra
What neurotoxic plant causes Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia?
Centaurea spp.
Species affected by Centaurea spp.
Horses only
What neurotoxic plant causes facial paralysis in horses?
Centaurea spp.
Toxic agent of Cicuta spp.
Cicutoxin
3 clinical signs of Cicuta spp.
- Opisthotonus
- Complete paralysis
- Respiratory failure
What group of animals is most affected by Cicuta spp. intoxication?
Young calves
- All are affected, but especially young calves
Which neurotoxic plant is actually a fungus and not a plant?
Claviceps spp.
Two toxic agents of Claviceps spp.
- Ergotamine
- Ergotoxine
Species affected by Claviceps spp.
Cattle
Which two Claviceps species cause Gangrene?
- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea
Which Claviceps species causes 'Dallis Grass Staggers'?
- C. paspali
Which two Claviceps species cause abortion?
- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea
Which two Claviceps species cause vasotropic disease?
- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea
Toxic agent of Conium spp.
Coniine (alkaloid)
Why is Conium intoxication especially important in pigs?
Teratogenesis
Toxic agent of Cycads
Cycasin, a carcinogenic glycoside
What is the most damaging symptom of Cycads?
Neoplasia (caused by methylazomethanol)
Two primary species affected by Cycads
- Cattle
- Dogs
Which species has only neurological symptoms of cycad poisoning?
Cattle
Which species has neurological signs and hepatic failure due cycad poisoning?
Dogs
Which species has GI upset due to cycad poisoning?
All
What do you treat Datura spp. toxicity with?
Physostigmine
Toxic agent of Delphinium spp.
Alkaloids
How fast can Delphinium spp. kill?
Seconds to minutes
- Some cattle die with the plants not even swallowed
Which neurotoxic plant species can kill within seconds to minutes?
Delphinium spp.
Primary species affected by Delphinium spp.
Cattle
Which species is resistant to Delphinium spp.?
Sheep
Tx of Delphinium spp.
Nicotinamide
Toxic agent of Helenium spp.
Helenalin (sesquiterpene lactone)
Which species of Helenium spp. is nontoxic?
H. amarum
Which species of Helenium spp. is mildly toxic?
H. hoopseii
Which species of Helenium spp. is very toxic?
H. microcephalum
What does Helenium amarum cause?
Bitter tasting milk
What does Helenium hoopseii cause?
Spewing disease
What causes Spewing Disease?
Helenium hoopseii
Primary species affected by Helenium spp.?
Sheep
Toxic agent of Hymenoxys spp.
Hymenoxon (sesquiterpene lactone)
Prophylactic diet for Hymenoxys spp.
- Natural protein
- Sulfate
Primary species affected by Hymenoxys spp.
Sheep
What is the #1 problem in Texas sheep?
Hymenoxys spp. intoxication
Which neurotoxic plant smells badly?
Hymenoxys spp.
What does Hymenoxys spp. intoxication cause?
Pharynx and respiratory problems
What's relatively unique about Hymenoxys spp.?
Sheep can become habituated to the toxicity
Primary species affected by Ipomoea spp.
Humans
Why are humans the primary species affected by Ipomoea spp.?
Cause they like to trip balls on LSD
Toxic agent of Iscoma spp.
Tremetol
- Trematone
Toxic agent of Eupatorium spp.
Tremetol
- Trematone
Primary clinical sign of Iscoma spp.
Fetlock Knuckling
Primary clinical sign of Eupatorium spp.
Fetlock Knuckling
Primary species affected by Iscoma spp. intoxication (2)
- Cattle
- Horses
Primary species affected by Eupatorium spp. intoxication
Goat (especially Angora)
3 clinical signs of Eupatorium spp. intoxication
- Fetlock knuckling
- Convulsions
- Ketosis
3 clinical signs of Iscoma spp. intoxication
- Fetlock knuckling
- Convulsions
- Ketosis
What two neurotoxic plants cause Myocardial necrosis and hydropericardium in horses?
- Eupatorium spp.
- Iscoma spp.
What does Eupatorium and Iscoma spp. additionally cause in goats?
Liver problems
What plant genera have ketosis with acetone breath and urinary incontinence?
- Iscoma spp.
- Eupatorium spp.
Two clinical signs of Kallstroemia spp.
- Posterior paralysis
- Fetlock knuckling
Primary species affected by Kallstroemia spp.
Cattle
Species affected by Kallstroemia spp. (3)
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
Toxic Agent of Karwinskia spp.
Karwinol A
Primary symptom of Karwinskia spp. intoxication
Limber leg
Primary lesion of Karwinskia spp. intoxication
Demyelination of posterior spinal cord
Species affected by Karwinskia spp. intoxication, and ranking
All

Goats > Sheep > Cattle
Recovery from Karwinskia spp. intoxication
No recovery
Which neurotoxic plant has 3 sympathomimetic amines as a suspected toxic agent?
Acacia spp.
Which neurotoxic plant is only toxic after several months of ingestion, and is otherwise safe to eat?
Acacia spp.
Two signs of Acacia spp.
- Guajillo Wobbles (AKA Limber Leg)
- Posterior paralysis
Lesions of Acacia spp.
None in the CNS
Species affected by Acacia spp. (2)
- Sheep
- Goats
Recovery from Acacia spp.
Possible to recover from
Two neurotoxic plants that are organophosphates
- Triaryl PO4
- Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
How does Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4 become toxic?
Biotransformation to a neurotoxic esterase
Primary symptom of Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
Posterior paralysis
Primary lesion of Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
Demyelination
Species affected by Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
All
Most susceptible species to Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
Young chicks
Recovery from Triaryl PO4 and Tri-O-Cresyl PO4
No recovery
Toxic agent of Lobelia spp.
N-methyl piperidine (alkaloid)
Which neurotoxic plant is digested slowly so may see CSs long after exposure?
Lobelia spp.
2 clinical signs of Lobelia spp.
- Oral ulcers
- Downer cow
Order of organ systems affected by Lobelia spp.
1st: GIT
2nd: Neuro
Primary species affected by Lobelia spp.
Cattle
Tx of Lobelia spp.
TLC
Toxic agent of Peganum spp.
Alkaloids
Lesions seen with Peganum spp.
No gross lesions
3 symptoms seen with Peganum spp.
- Chronic poor doer
- Fetlock knuckling
- Acute death
Species affected by Peganum spp. (2)
- Cattle
- Sheep
How do you prevent Peganum spp. intoxication?
Hard to get rid of; have to sterilize soil
Two toxic agents of Pteridium spp.
- Thiaminase
- Glycoside
Symptom of Pteridium spp. intoxication
Thiamine deficiency
Primary species affected by Pteridium spp. neurologically
Horses
Treatment of Pteridium spp.
Thiamine
2 toxic agents of Equisetum spp.
- Thiaminase (eq)
- Alkaloid (bov)
Primary species affected by Equisetum spp.
Horses
How do cattle react to Equisetum spp. intoxication?
Decreased condition and milk production
Tx of Equisetum spp.
Thiamine
What causes 'Crazy Cow Syndrome'?
Solanum dimidiatum
Mechanism of Action of Solanum dimidiatum
Inhibits lysosomal hydrolase to cause a lysosomal storage disease
Microscopic lesions of Solanum dimidiatum intoxication
Purkinje cells in brain are destroyed
Primary species affected by Solanum dimidiatum
Cattle
How dangerous is Solanum dimidiatum?
100% morbidity
- Low mortality; death usually due to accidents
Toxic agent of Sophora spp.
Cystine (alkaloid)
Which neurotoxic plant is toxic only when masticated?
Sophora spp.
Which species recovers from Sophora spp. intoxication?
Sheep
Which species does not recover from Sophora spp. intoxication?
Cattle
Toxic agents of Vicia spp.
- Glycosides
- Cyanide
Two organ systems affected by Vicia spp.
- Kidneys
- Skin
Which plant has several species that cause specific clinical signs to specific species of animals?
Vicia spp.
Toxic agent of Zygadenus spp.
Steroidal alkaloid, Zygazine
When is Zygadenus spp. a problem?
Early spring
2 symptoms of Zygadenus spp.
Hypotension
Teratogenesis
Which plant do pigs avoid intoxication by vomiting?
Zygadenus spp.
Tx of Zygadenus spp.
None available
What does Zygadenus spp. look like?
Onions
- Doesn't smell like onions though