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Front 1

How to better nutrition in cancer?

Back 1

Low GI, high fibre, vitamin A, C, D, E, fruit and veg

Front 2

what not to eat with cancer?

Back 2

High GI, blackened foods, fried foods, fat, alchohol

Front 3

What is GABA?

Back 3

an inhibitory in the CNS system

Front 4

What is GABAS distribution?

Back 4

cerebral cortex, olfactory neurons, basal ganglia, spine, hippo-campus

Front 5

GABAS a binding site for?

Back 5

benzodiazepenes, anti-convulsants, steroids

Front 6

What does GABA control?

Back 6

Motor control, vision, anxiety

Front 7

What are the five catecholamines?

Back 7

Dopamine, noradrenalin, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin

Front 8

what are the adrenoreceptors that signal through catechlamines?

Back 8

a1, a2, b1, b2

Front 9

a1 is?

Back 9

smooth muscle contraction

Front 10

a2 is?

Back 10

inhibits trasmitter release, smooth muscle contraction

Front 11

b1 is?

Back 11

increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate

Front 12

b2 is?

Back 12

promopts smooth muscle relaxation resulting in bronchodilation

Front 13

Where is histamine found?

Back 13

mast cell and basophil granule

Front 14

Pathophysiology of anaphylatic shock relating to histamine?

Back 14

antibodies bind to receptors on mast cell/basophils- signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis relate to histamine receptors (H1 mediates severe itching, tachycardia, mucous generaton)

Front 15

What are the three histamine receptors?

Back 15

H1- central

H1- peripheral

H2- peripheral

Front 16

What does the histamine 1 central receptor cause?

Back 16

sleep/wake/vomiting- sedatives and anti emetics used

Front 17

HIstamine 2?

Back 17

dilation of arterioles, nerves (pain/itch)- allergy/hay fever

Front 18

Histamine 3?

Back 18

secretion of stomach acid (stomach/duodenal ulcers)

Front 19

Two receptors of acetylcholine?

Back 19

Nicontinc, muscarinic

Front 20

Pathophysiology of alzihemers disease?

Back 20

up in extracellular plaques in grey matter, plaques attract migrolia

Front 21

What does migrolia do to plaques?

Back 21

tries to destroy them- doesnt work so neurons are damaged and endless assult occurs

Front 22

What happens with neurofibrillary tangles and TAU?

Back 22

TAU is a protein, when it is abnormal is detaches of the nerve cell, is twisted and dilated --> alziehmers disease

Front 23

What does B amyloid cells do?

Back 23

enhance disease processes- enzymes cause fragment to break off, fragments cause plaque rupturing

Front 24

What are the two classes of drugs and examples for alzehimers disease?

Back 24

1. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: rivastigmine, neostigmine

2. glutamate receptor antagonists: memantime

Front 25

Where does parkinsons occur?

Back 25

substantia nigra (loss of pigmented cells), dopamine decrease in basal ganglia

Front 26

Aim of pharmacology in parkinsons?

Back 26

restore dopaminergic-cholinergic balance, increase, dopamine, reduce acetylcholine activity

Front 27

Two treatments?

Back 27

Levodopa: amino acid, crosses BBB and turns into dopamine

Carbidopa: drug, enhances effects of levodopa and reduces side effects (nausea, agitation, depression)

Front 28

How does a thrombotic stroke occur?

Back 28

Thrombus pieces break off and blocks vessels

Front 29

What artery is involved in stroke?

Back 29

Middle cerebral artery

Front 30

Three treatments for thrombotic stroke?

Back 30

thrombolytic therapy (blood flow), supportive (cerebral perfusion), surgery (large clots)

Front 31

3 actions of aspirin?

Back 31

thromboxane inhibitor, anti-inflammatory, prevents atheroscleotic plaques from rupturing

Front 32

Patho of haemorrhagic stroke?

Back 32

mass of blood = high blood volume, pressure and rupture and blood seeps into ventricles, ICP

Front 33

Where may haemorrhagic strokes occur?

Back 33

basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, brain stem

Front 34

Causes of stroke?

Back 34

hypertension, anureism, blood disorders, trauma, malformation

Front 35

Patho of schizophrenia?

Back 35

too much dopamine, not enough acetylcholine

Front 36

Three typical classes of drugs?

Back 36

Phenothiazines, Butyrophenones, Thixoanthenes

Front 37

Typical drugs?

Back 37

Chlorpromazine, Droperidol, Flupenthixol

Front 38

A-typical classes?

Back 38

Benzisoxazoles, Diphenylbutylpiperdone, Benzamides, Dibenzodiazepines

Front 39

A typical drugs?

Back 39

Risperidone, Pimozide, Amilsulpride, Clozapine

Front 40

Four types of pain?

Back 40

Somatic, Visceral, Referred, Phantom

Front 41

PQRST?

Back 41

Provocation, quality, referred, severity, timing

Front 42

Four classes of anti-depressnats?

Back 42

Tricylic, Tetracylic, Monoamide oxidase inhibitorsr, Seretonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

Front 43

what does SSRI stand for

Back 43

selectvie seretonin reuptake inhibitors

Front 44

What is the drug for SSRI?

Back 44

Fluoxetine

Front 45

What does SNRI stand for

Back 45

seretonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

Front 46

what is the drug for SNRI?

Back 46

venlafaxine

Front 47

What are the four drugs to ease mania

Back 47

lithium carbonate, carbmazepine, sodium valproate, clozaepam

Front 48

what are the four opiod receptors?

Back 48

delta, epsilon, kappa, Mu

Front 49

what are the three treatments for opiod addiction?

Back 49

methadone, naltrexone, buphrenorphine

Front 50

what are the two alcholol treatments?

Back 50

disfuluram, naltrexone

Front 51

What is the treatment for cannibis addiction?

Back 51

naltrexone

Front 52

What are the 4 modulations for pain control?

Back 52

Spinal level, motor stimulation, nerve block, analgesics

Front 53

What are two IV anasethetics?

Back 53

Barbiturate: thiopentone

Non barbiturate: propofol

Front 54

What are four inhalation anesthetics?

Back 54

Nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, desflurane, halothane

Front 55

What are two local anesthetics?

Back 55

articaine, lidocaine

Front 56

what are the five types of shock?

Back 56

cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, hypovolemic, anaphylatic

Front 57

three things death from shock are caused by?

Back 57

inadequate tissue perfusion, anerobic respiration, cellular dehydration

Front 58

What are the three stages of shock?

Back 58

Compensatory, Progressive, Irreversible

Front 59

treatment for shock?

Back 59

anaphylactic- epinephrine

septic- antibiotics/fluids

cardiogenic- underlying cause (heart issues)

hypovolemic- fluid/blood transfusion

neurogenic- anti-inflammatories

Front 60

function of NSAIDS?

Back 60

block enzymes, reduce prostaglandins

Front 61

function of corticosteroids?

Back 61

mimic effects of hormones, suppress inflammation

Front 62

what is local inflammation?

Back 62

contained in a particular site, acute, sting bite or scracth)

Front 63

what is systemic inflammation?

Back 63

inflammation that has spread/blood/sepsis/chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

Front 64

what do microvasculature (small vessels) lead to in diabetes when complicated?

Back 64

loss of sensation in foot/foot ulcers

Front 65

what does glucagon (hormone do)

Back 65

pancreas releases it when concentration of sugar in blood is too low. causes liver to convert glycogen into glucose.

Front 66

what does insulin do (hormone)

Back 66

high blood glucose levels stimulate release of insulin, helps move glucose from blood into cells so can be used as energy source.

Front 67

define autonomy

Back 67

cancer cells independant from normal cellular controls- transformation process

Front 68

define anaplasia

Back 68

condition of cells wehre there is poor cellular differentation, usually tumor cells

Front 69

4 progression stages of tumor?

Back 69

normal, dysplasia (enlargement of organ), insitu neoplasm ,invasive neoplasm

Front 70

Causes of cancer?

Back 70

mutation of cell (oncogene whcih proliferate cells, tumour suppressor gene which stop proliferation) loss of tumor suppressor genes (APC AND DCC), angiogenesis,

Front 71

Microbal casues of cancer?

Back 71

viruses (HPV- cervical cancer), H.pylori- stomach carcinoma

Front 72

Three cancer compartments?

Back 72

a- dividing cells, b- resting cells potentially able to divide, c- cells no longer able to

Front 73

What are the two cell cycle non specific types of chemotherapy?

Back 73

alkylating (cyclophosphamade), antibiotic (doxorubicin)

Front 74

what are the two cell cycle specific types of chemo?

Back 74

antimetabolites (methotrexate), s phase inhibitors (hydroxyurea), antimitotics (vincristine)

Front 75

What are the two tissue specific hormonal drugs?

Back 75

taxoxifen (blocks estrogen), flutamide (blocks adrenogen receptors)

Front 76

Rapidly dividng cells?

Back 76

GI, hair loss, bone marrow suprresion (leucopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), organ toxicity

Front 77

what is the angiogensis inhibitor>

Back 77

VEGF- vascular endothelial growth facto

Front 78

4 cardio types of drugs?

Back 78

alpha antagonists (prazosin), beta blockers, (metoprolol) calcium channel blockers,(nifedipine) diuretics (frusemide)

Front 79

what do positive inotropic drugs do?

Back 79

increase force of contraction (dopamine, dobutamine)

Front 80

what do negative inotropic drugs do? (also called sympathamimetic)

Back 80

weaken force of muscular contraction (beta blockers)

Front 81

what do posotive chronotropic drugs do?

Back 81

increase heart rate by accelerating rate of impulse on SA node (adrenaline)

Front 82

negative chronotropic?

Back 82

slow down heart rate- digoxin

Front 83

What can hypertriglericides cause?

Back 83

coronary artery disease- plaque build up and narrow artery

Front 84

Two types of heart failure?

Back 84

left side- common, left ventricle doesnt pump blood out to body properly

right side- difficulty in pumping blood to lungs

Front 85

Treatments for heart failure?

Back 85

inotropic drugs (digoxin), antiplatelet (eptifibatide) fibronlytic (TPA), peripheral vasodilators (GTN)

Front 86

Four types of asthma treatments and the drug name?

Back 86

bronchodilator (salbutamol, ipotropium bromide)

corticosteroids (prednisone)

mast cell stabilizer (cromolyn)

monocolal antibodies (omalizumab)

Front 87

Patho of emphasyma?

Back 87

decreased alvelor surface area, enlragement of airspaces distal to bronchioles

Front 88

what are goblet cells?

Back 88

respitory tract, secrete main component of mucous

Front 89

renal overview- hormones?

Back 89

erythropoitenon- release in response to hypoxia, stimulate RBC in bone marrow, thats why when renal failure occurs, anemia occurs as E hormone stops working

Front 90

what does pre renal mean?

Back 90

inadequate blood supply- can be caused by shock, sepsis, dehydration

Front 91

what does intra renal mean?

Back 91

damnage to kidneys, glomulerophritis, anemia/thrombocytopenia- resulting in necrotic tissue

Front 92

what does post renal mean?

Back 92

obstruction e.g. renal calcui (kidney stones)

Front 93

what is peptic ulcer disease?

Back 93

break in lining of stomach, SI or lower esophagus, casues painful sores

Front 94

cause of peptic ulcer disease?

Back 94

primilary H.pylori, weight loss, Nand V, bloating

Front 95

Treatment for peptic ulcer disease?

Back 95

antibiotics, hisstamine blockers

Front 96

Benign ulcer and malignant difference?

Back 96

benign- smooth, round and deep crater, protrudes beyond gastric contour

malignant- rough, does not protrude, irregular and shallow crater

Front 97

Drugs used for GI infrections?

Back 97

magnesium, alluminum, ranititine, omeprazole