221 Exam 1

Front 1

What is infertility?

Back 1

After one year of frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse there is no conception or maintenance of pregnancy.

Front 2

Primary vs secondary infertility

Back 2

Primary: No pregnancys

Secondary: having had miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy

Front 3

Endometriosis

Back 3

tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus, the endometrium grows outside your uterus (endometrial implant). Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, bowel or the tissue lining your pelvis. can interfere with tubal patency

Front 4

Sign and symptoms of endometriosis

Back 4

• Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)
• Pain with intercourse
• Excessive bleeding
• Infertility
  

Front 5

Treatment for endometriosis

Back 5

• Laparoscopy
  
• Cautery
• Hormonal RX

Front 6

Tubal blockage

Back 6

• Scarring caused by Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  
• Fibroids: noncancerous growths of the uterus
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
  

Front 7

Anovulation

Back 7

failure of the ovary to release ova over a period of time generally exceeding 3 months

Front 8

Casues of Anovulation

Back 8

• Genetic: Turners syndrome, Hypogonadism
• Problems with the hypothalamus
• Hypothyroidism
• Stress
• Decreased body weight

Front 9

Treatment of anovulation

Back 9

Hormons that casues ovulation

-Colmid: 1st choice given for women to ovulate can causes multiple child pregnancy

-Menotropins: used in women with healthy ovaries used a lot with IVF

Front 10

Turner syndrome

Back 10

when a sex chromosome (the X chromosome) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure to start puberty, infertility, heart defects, certain learning disabilities and social adjustment problems.

Front 11

Hypogonadism

Back 11

when the body's sex glands produce little or no hormones

Front 12

Hypothalamus

Back 12

pituitary-ovarian hormonal feedback mechanisms

Front 13

Cervical mucus problems

Back 13

cuased by vaginal infections or hormone deficiencies.

Front 14

Treamtnet of cervical mucus problems

Back 14

• Hormon replacment theyrapy (HRT)
  
• Cryosurgery (surgery using the local application of intense cold to destroy unwanted tissue)
• Guaifenesin (a drug used to help clear mucus)

Front 15

FSH hormone

Back 15

Only if femals, used to stimulate overys to produce steriods. Will produce estradiol during follicular phase and progesterone during luteal phase, surge at midcycle with LH and triggers ovulation.

Front 16

LH hormone

Back 16

Used to stimulate overys to produce steoroids. Surges at midcycle triggers ovulation. luteinizing hormone turns the follicle into corpeus luteum by triggering ovulation, also preps uterus for fertilized egg

Front 17

Male factors that lead to infertility

Back 17

• Erectile dysfunction
• varicocele (varicose of swollen vein in the testicle)
• Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles at birth)
• Restrictive undergarments
• Occupational exposure to heat
• working in a seated position
• hypogonadism (A failure of the gonads, testes in men to function properly)

Front 18

Male immunological factors that lead to infertility

Back 18

• Autoimmune reasction
  
• Production of antibodies that destroy sperm

Front 19

Obstructions that can lead to male infertility

Back 19

Any obstruction in sperm transport

- ever having the mumps

- Epididymitis (Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm)

-STD's

Front 20

Male mecial HX that can lead to infertility

Back 20

• Poor nutrition
• Use of alcohol, drugs or tobacco
• hypospadias (opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis)
• Cryptorchidism (one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum)
• UIT's or STD's

Front 21

Female HX that can lead to infertility

Back 21

• Current or past reproductive tract problems
• Endocrine problems
• ABD or pelvic surgeries
• douching or medications that interfere with pH
• Exposures to x-rays or toxic substances

Front 22

Menstrual HX to assess

Back 22

• Age of menarche
  
• length, regularity, and frequency of menstrual periods (normal cycle is 28 days long)
• amount of flow
• dysmenorrhea / PMS

Front 23

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Female DX studies

Back 23

oral temp is taken each day prior to arising and then reesults are graphen.

Sudden dip the day before ovulation then a rise of .5-1 degree when ovulating.

Front 24

Serum Hormone Testing

Female DX studies

Back 24

Venous blood is taken to assess levels of FSH and LH along with prolactin( pregnant women have high levels) levels

Front 25

Postcoital Exam

Female DX studies

Back 25

Couple has intercourse 8-12 hrs prior to exam, 1-2 days before ovulation. Then a 10cc syringe with catheter attached is used to collect a specimen of secretions from the vagina. they are tested for s/s of infection, if sperm is active or if there is a mucus to sperm interaction

Front 26

Endometrial Biopsy

Female DX studies

Back 26

When a small sample of the lining of the uterus is taken and biopsyed to check for a luteal phase defect(lack of progesterone). The pt is given paracervical block to decrease cramping and pain

Front 27

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

Female DX studies

Back 27

an X-ray with contrast test that looks at the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes and the area around them. can detect uterine anomalies (septate, unicornate, bicornate and tilted) along with detecting tubal anomalies or blockage.

Front 28

Semen Analysis

Male DX studies

Back 28

men ejaculate into a specimen container and then is examined for number, morphology and motility and pH. Pt must be abstinent for 3 day prior and needs at least 2ml of sample and must be taken to the lab 30-60 min after.

Front 29

Normal Semen Analysis Results

Back 29

• Volume >2.0 mL
• pH 7.0-8.0
• Total sperm count >20 million per mL
• Motility 50% or greater
• Normal forms 50% or greater

Front 30

Anti-sperm antibody

Back 30

evaluation of cervical mucus and ejaculate are tested for agglutination

Front 31

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Back 31

A form of artificial insemination. Sperm collected within 3hr of collection and inserted via a catheter into the uterus

Front 32

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Back 32

multiple ova are harvested, then mixed with sperm. Up to 4 resultant embryos are returned in the uterus 2-3 days later.

Front 33

IVF side effects

Back 33

• Cysts on the ovaries
  
• Multiple births
• Ovarian hyperstimulation (where your ovaries become swollen and painful)

Front 34

IVF Pre-Procedure care

Back 34

Administration of synthetic FSH injeced SQ, to stimulate the ovart to produse multiple ova for 5-6 days prio the procedure. Pt is given sedation when oval are retrieved

Front 35

IVF Postprocedure care

Back 35

pt is observed for 2 hrs after egg retrieval, and should limit activity for 24 hrs.

After embryo placement progesterone supplementation is prescribed

Front 36

Antepartum

Back 36

Care given before lobor or birth

Front 37

Maternal Nursing

Back 37

Care given before, during, and after birth

Front 38

Male reproductive system

Back 38

Penis:

Testes: manufacturer sperm and produce male hormone

Semen: sperm 20% and plasma 80%

Testosterone: most abundant male hormone

Front 39

Female Reproducive system

Back 39

Vagina:

Cervix: alkaline environment + mucus plug

Uterus: site of implantation of fertilized egg has 3 parts, Fundus is a big part

Fallopian tubes: site of fertilization

Ovaries: produce estrogen and progestogen

Breasts: gets food and antibodies to baby during breastfeeding

Front 40

Anterior Pituitary

Back 40

secretes FSH and LH

Front 41

FSH

Back 41

stimulates the ovarian follicle causing an egg to grow. It also triggers the production of estrogen in the follicle. The rise in estrogen tells the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and to start making more LH.

Front 42

LH

Back 42

LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation

Front 43

Cycle

Back 43

Anterior pituitary secrestes FSH and LH > Ovulation occurs when mature oveum is released> corpus luteum turns yellow and secretes incresed amts of progesteron > if no fertilization then corpus luteum degenerates and estrofen and prog decrease after 12 days > Endometruim breaks down and aperiod occurs

Front 44

Hormones rise

Back 44

Corpus luteum (when egg leaves follicle, the follicle turns into corpus luteum.) releases a hormone tha helps thinken the lining of uterus to get read for egg.

Front 45

Egg travels to the fallopian tube

Back 45

egg is released and moves into fallopian tube and stays there for 24 hrs wating to be fertilized

Front 46

Signs of pregnancy:

Presumptive

Back 46

Amenorrhea, fatigue, N&V, breast changes, quickening, urinary frquency

Front 47

Signs of pregnancy:

Probable objective

Back 47

Goodell's sign( a significant softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix from increased vascularization) Chadwick's sign (a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia resulting from increased blood flow.) Hegar's sign(compressibility and softening of the lower uterine segment) Ballotement (passive fetal movement), positive pregnancy tests, Braxton hicks contraction

Front 48

Signs of pregnancy:

Positive

Back 48

Hearing fetal heart tones, visualization of the fetus, and palpating fetal movement, visualizing fetal movements.

Front 49

Esimation of gestation

Back 49

Gestational wheel and Naegele's rule

Front 50

Naegele's Rule

Back 50

Used to determin the expexted date of delivery (EDD)

(1st day of last period+ 7 days; count back 3 months = EDD)

Front 51

4 digit system: Assessing Gravidity

(GTPA)

Back 51

G= gravidity( number of pregnancys ever)

T= Term (number of births at term)

P= Preterm (number of births that are preterm)

A= Abortions (number of abortions spontaneous or elective termination)

*Preterm= before 37 weeks

Front 52

5 difit system: Assessing Gravidity

(GTPAL)

Back 52

G=Gravity(number of pregnanct ever incuding this one)

T= Term (number of births at term)

P= Preterm (number of births that are preterm)

A= Abortions (number of abortions spontaneous or elective termination)

L= Living(number of living children at the time of their birth)

Front 53

multigravidity

Back 53

A pregnant woman who has been pregnant one or more times previously

Front 54

multipara

Back 54

a woman who has had more than one pregnancy resulting in viable children

Front 55

nulligravida

Back 55

A woman who has never conceived a child.

Front 56

nullipara

Back 56

a woman who has not produced a viable

offspring

Front 57

Assessing Parity

(TPAL)

Back 57

T=term birth(s)

P=preterm birth(s)

A=abortions(s)/ miscarriage(s)

L=living children

Front 58

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Uterus

Back 58

• almost solid organ to thin walled, hollow organ
  
• increased production of estrogen and progesterone (helps process of uterine growth.(hypothesis)

Front 59

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Cervix

Back 59

prepregnant cervix is firm

• 4 weeks cervix becomes edematous and congested with blood. Occurs at the same time hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the cervical glands(Goodell's sign)
• supports to maintain an intact pregnancy
• As delivery approaches it softens and opens to allow delivery of the infant

Front 60

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Vagina, Perineum and Vulva

Back 60

• increased vascularization, softening of the connective tissue and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle
• Vaginal mucosa thickens and the rugae(viginal folds) become pronounced
• Increased vaginal discharge, and acidic environment

Front 61

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Ovaries

Back 61

• no more follicles are release
  
• corpus luteum in formed within the ovary and secretes progesterone, peaking at 8 days (necessary for maintenance of pregnancy)
• 6-7 weeks the placenta begins manufacturing progesterone, and involution of the corpus luteum begins

Front 62

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Breasts

Back 62

• changes due to increased production of estrogen and progesterone
  
• become fuller and tender in early stages
• number of mammary alveoli increased and breasts become larger

Front 63

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Cardiovascular

Back 63

meets the metabolic demands pregnancy imposes on the body (pulse increases 10-20 bpm)

*Do not have pt lay on back because it compresses the vena cava have them lay on left side

Front 64

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Respiratory

Back 64

maternal O2 requirements in response to acceleration in metabolic rate and the need to add to the tissue mass in the uterus and breast

Front 65

Changes in body due to pregnancy

Renal

Back 65

Maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance, regulating extracellular fluid col, excreting waste products

Front 66

Changes in body due to pregnancy

GI

Back 66

N&V, decreased bowel sounds, external hemorrhoids

Front 67

Changes in the body die to pregnancy

Endocrine

Back 67

Increased estrogen and progesern causes a decreas in FSH and LH

*maternal insulin does not cross the placenta

Front 68

What is PKU?

Back 68

Phenylketonuria: A genetic test run on ever new born. if not treated will cause death

Front 69

Endocrine changes: Estrogen

Back 69

• Increasing blood flow to the uterus by vasodilation
  
• softening the cervix
• developing the breast in preparation for lactation
  

*Estrogen increases in early pregnancy then slows down around 20-24 wks then goes up again

*Increased estrogen can cause N&V

Front 70

Endocrine changes: Progesterone

Back 70

• ready the uterus for implantation
• relaxes smooth muscle to prevent abortion
• prevent a maternal immunologic response to the fetus
• development of the alveoli and ductal system for lactation

*Women with low progesterone can get shots or suppository to help keep the pregnancy

Front 71

pica

Back 71

a disorder that can happen during pregnancy causing an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as paper, clay, metal, chalk, soil, glass, or sand.

Front 72

Placenta

Back 72

• normally weighs around 1 lb at the time of delivery.
• Should be red/maroon
• maternal side is dirty duncan
• Fetal side is shiny schultz

*all placenta must be removed from mother or can cause hemorrhage.

*High B/P, age and previous abd surgery can effect the placenta

Front 73

Umbilical cord

Back 73

Carries oxygenated blood to the baby and oxygenated blood away back to mothers lungs.

• Should have 2 arteries and 1 vein (AVA)
• Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein
• the umbilical arteries, and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the maternal circulation.
  

Front 74

Amniotic Fluid

Back 74

• clear or slightly yellowish liquid
  
• baby swallows the fluid as they “breathe” and then excretes it again as urine, thus maintaining the constant circulation of the fluid.
  
• at 10 wks there should be 30 ml of fluid (this is when an amniocenteses can be done)
• 34-36 wks there should be 1L of fluid

Front 75

Fundus

Back 75

• Fundal height is checked during pregnancy and postpartum.
  
• Fundal height (McDonald's rule) after 16wks the height of the fundus should measure the same ask wks gestation.
• Fundal height is measured from the top of the mothers uterus to the top of the mothers pubic symphysis in cm

Front 76

Gravida

Back 76

a woman's status regarding pregnancy

Front 77

Gravidity

Back 77

the number of times a female has been pregnant

Front 78

Parity

Back 78

The condition of having given birth to an infant or infants, alive or dead.

Front 79

Post Term Birth

Back 79

A pregnancy that has reached 42 or more weeks

Front 80

Preterm birth

Back 80

one that occurs before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy

Front 81

Primigravida

Back 81

a woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Front 82

Primipara

Back 82

a woman who is giving birth for the first time

Front 83

Term

Back 83

babies were defined as 'full term' if they were born anytime from 37 to 42 weeks in the womb.

Front 84

Viability

Back 84

the baby potentially surviving if born prematurely around 24 wks

Front 85

RH factor

Back 85

Mother or baby can be RH+ or RH- is mother and baby are opposites it can cause both harm to mother or baby. Does not impact first time pregnancy but can cause problems with second and other pregnancies. mother is given rhogam at 7 months pregnant then again a few months after birth

Front 86

Dr. Visits during pregnancy

Back 86

• q4wks up to 28wks(1st and 2nd trimesters)
  
• q2wks 29-36 wks
• qweek 37-40wks (or until labor)

Front 87

Ultrasound Examination

Back 87

• First trimester: accurately dates pregnancy; assessment to fetal well being
• 18-20wks: Anatomic survey
• Late second/third trimester: Growth; fetal well being

*Additional prenatal assessments:Pelvic exams; lab test; nutritional assessment

Front 88

Leopold maneuvers

Back 88

a common and systematic way to determine the position of a fetus inside the woman's uterus

Front 89

Potential Warning signs in 1st trimester

Back 89

Severe vomiting, chills, fever, buring on urination, diarrhea, abd. cramping, vag.bleening

Front 90

Potential Warning signs in 2nd and 3rd trimester

Back 90

Persistent sever vomiting, Premature rupture of membranes(PROM), UTI, severe backache or flank pain, change in fetal movement pattern, contractions(ctx.), visual disturbances and swelling of face or fingers(signs of high B/P)

Front 91

Diagnostic assessment of fetal development

Back 91

• Ultrasonography
  
• Chorionic villi sampling(CVS)( sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta for testing)
• Amniocentesis

Front 92

Diagnostic assessment of fetal development

Back 92

• Alpha-fetoprotein( a protein produced by a fetus that is present in amniotic fluid and the bloodstream of the mother. Levels of the protein can be measured to detect certain congenital defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome.)
  

Front 93

Diagnostic assessment of fetal development

Back 93

• Lecithin- Sphingomyelin Ratio:a test of fetal amniotic fluid to assess for fetal lung immaturity

Front 94

True vs False labor

Back 94

False: contractions are often irregular and do not get closer together.(walking and drink will help them to stop)

True: contractions come at regular intervals and get closer together as time goes on. (Contractions last about 30 to 70 seconds.)

Front 95

S/S of preterm labor

Back 95

• Peiodic tightening or hardening of the uterus. Regular, frequent, hard.
  
• Suprapubic cramping, abdominal cramping, backache
• Uterine ctx. q10 min or more frequently for 1hr
• spotting of blood, or leaking of fluid from vagina

Front 96

trimesters

Back 96

1st Trimester: 1-12 wks

2nd Trimester: 13-27 wks

3rd Trimester: 28wks to the birth

Front 97

What is Labor

Back 97

The physiologic process by which a fetus is expelled from the uterus to the outside world.

Front 98

Signs of impending labor

Back 98

• Lightening: movement of the fetus downward into pelvic cavity(engagement)
• Braxton-Hicks Contractions
• Bloody Show: Brownish/pink tinged mucous secretions
• Spontaneous rupture of membranes
• Loss stools

Front 99

The 4 P's of labor

Woman/Fetus

Back 99

• Power of labor
• Passageway
• Passenger
• Psyche

Front 100

Power of labor: Influences

Back 100

• Uterine contraction(3-5 ctx. in 10 min)

Front 101

The passageway:

passage=Pelvis

Back 101

• Consists of the bony pelvis and soft tissues of the birth canal.(cervix, pelvic floor musculature)
• Small pelvic outlet can result in cephalopelvic disproportion( when a baby's head or body is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis)

*Gynecoid pelvis shape is best for vaginal births *

Front 102

Passenger: Attitude

Back 102

Relation of the fetal body parts to another.

• Flexion: fetuses chin is tucked to chest
• Extension: fetuses neck is extended and faces the entrance of the cervix

Front 103

Passenger Presectation

Back 103

The way the baby head is showing during crowing

• Full Flexion(complete flexton): best when the smallest part of the baby's head is showing.
• Military Attitude(moderate flexion): baby's full top of head is presenting
• Brow Presentation(poor flexion extension):baby's eyebrows are the first thing presenting.
• Face Presentation(full extension): baby's face is the first thing presenting

Front 104

Passenger Descent and Flexion

Back 104

Descent: Fetal head journey throug the pelvis until crowning

Flexion: Fetal head tucks into chest, so smallest diameter of the head presents, may depend of pelvic type/shape

Front 105

Passenger: Station

Fetal station= relationship of fetal head to mother's pelvis

Back 105

• Above ischial spines (-5 to -1)

-5=unenengaged

• Engagement(lightening): fetal head is at ischial spine=0 station
• Below ischial spine (+1 to +5)

+5= crowning

Front 106

Passenger: 7 Cardinal fetal movments for labor

Back 106

1. Engagement- Ischial spines
2. Decent
3. Flexion: babys head to chest
4. Internal rotation OT(occipitoposterior) to OA(occipito-anterior)
5. Extension Restitution: baby's head realigns with body
6. External rotation: baby's shoulders move upwards
7. Expulsion: rest of the baby is delivered

Front 107

Passenger: Fetal lie

Back 107

Fetal lie refers to the relationship between the long axis of the fetus with respect to the long axis of the mother.

• Longitudinal (head down)
• Transverse( baby is on side)
• breech( baby is feet down)

Front 108

Passenger: position

Back 108

• Relationship of a site of the presenting part to he location on maternal pelvis. (right and left occipitoposterior, left and right occipitotransverse, left and right occipitoanterior)
  
• Asyncliticism: the position of a baby in the uterus such that the head of the baby is presenting first and is tilted to the shoulder, causing the fetal head to no longer be in line with the birth canal.
  

*as the baby's head drops it rotates anteriorly

Front 109

Pelvimetry

Back 109

measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, undertaken chiefly to help determine whether a woman can give birth normally or will require a Caesarean section.

Front 110

Stages of Labor:

First Stage

Back 110

• First stage: Dilatation

1. Early(latent): The time of the onset of labor until the cervix is dilated to 3 cm.
2. active:Continues from 3 cm. until the cervix is dilated to 7 cm.
3. Transition:Continues from 7 cm. until the cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm.

*epidural can be given 4 cm and before 8cm

Front 111

Stages of Labor:

Second stage

Back 111

"pushing" the cervix is completely dilated 10cm, and ends with the birth of your baby.

Front 112

Stanges of Labor:

Third stage

Back 112

Delivery of your placenta

Front 113

Stages of Labor:

Fourth stage

Back 113

Recovery:

• 1-4 hrs after birth
  
• Firm contracted uterus(hard fundus)
• Lochia Rubra(bright red blood)
• Bonding
• Breastfeeding

Front 114

Contractions

Back 114

Duration: the time from the beginning of one contraction to the end of that same contraction

Frequency: time the contraction starts and end timing when the next contraction starts

*contractions q5min pt should go to hospital if not before

Front 115

Freidman's curve

Back 115

a graph that obstetric care providers have traditionally used to define a “normal” length and pace of labor.

Front 116

Prostaglandins

Back 116

used for cervical ripening. a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormonelike effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions.

Front 117

Oxytocin

Back 117

the hormone that tells the body its time to go into labor and also to produse milk.

*pt that are not going into labor themself are given pitocin to start labor

Front 118

What is Post Partum

Back 118

Begins immediately after child birth

Front 119

Post Partum Assessment:

BUBBLE-LE

Back 119

B=Breast: lets down in 3-5 days

U=Uterus: 1 hr after birth fundus is firm and at the level of the umbilicus. going down one finger width a day

B=Bladder:urination 6 to 8 hours of delivery

B=Bowel:Bowel sounds

L=Lochia:Saturating one pad in less than an hour

E=Episiotomy:REEDA

L=Legs:assess for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

E=Emotion

Front 120

Post Partum Assessment of C-section:

REEDA

Back 120

R=Redness

E=Edema

E=Ecchymosis:a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising.

D=Discharge

A=Approximation

Front 121

Post Partum Vital Signs

Back 121

Temp: elevated to about 100.4. and high could be a s/s of infection

B/P: should be the same as first trimester

Pulse: Bradycardiaof 50 – 70 bpm is Normal

Resp: should stay in normal range

Front 122

Breast Assessment

Back 122

• inspect size, contour, asymmetry and engorgement
• Nipples check for cracks, redness and fissures

*hot showers will let milk down for breastfeeding moms. Ice packs for pain in non breastfeeding moms

Front 123

Lochia

Back 123

the normal discharge from the uterus after childbirth.

• present for 3-6wks after birth
• Rubra:first discharge, red in color because of the large amount of blood it contains
• Serosa:thinned and turned brownish or pink in color. It contains serous exudate, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cervical mucus
• Alba: the final vagincal discharge after childbirth, largely mucus

Front 124

Psychoprophylactic

Back 124

a method of preparing women for childbirth without anesthetic, by means of education, psychological and physical conditioning, and breathing exercises

Front 125

Bradley method of childbirth

Back 125

natural childbirth (also known as "husband-coached childbirth") is a method of natural childbirth developed in 1947 by Robert A. Bradley, M.D.

Front 126

Lamaze

Back 126

relating to a method of childbirth involving exercises and breathing control, and massage to give pain relief without drugs.

Front 127

Leboyer method

Back 127

a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate bonding between mother and child is encouraged.

Front 128

What is the antidote for magnesium sulfate?

Back 128

Ca+ gluconate

Front 129

What is magnesium sulfate used for?

Back 129

treatment/prevention of preeclamtic and eclampic pt, seizures and preterm labor

Front 130

Platypelloid pelvis is shape?

Back 130

Flat

Front 131

anthropoid pelvis is shape?

Back 131

oval

Front 132

Android pelvis had a shape?

Back 132

Heart

Front 133

Normal fetal HR

Back 133

First Trimester=160-170bpm

After first trimester=120-160bpm

Front 134

fetal circulation:

Ductus arteriosus

Back 134

Connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta,bypassing the lungs.

Front 135

fetal circulation:

Ductus venosus

Back 135

Connects the umbilical vein and the inferiorvena cava, bypassing the liver

Front 136

fetal circulation:

Foramen ovale

Back 136

Opening between the rightand left atria of the heart bypassing the lungs

Front 137

Reactive nonstress test is?

Back 137

2-3 FHR increases of 15beats of more/min lasting for at least 15 seconds or more with fetal movement(aka 15 x 15 criteria) Nonreactive may indicate fetal hypoxia

Front 138

Glucose tolerance test for pregnant women?

Back 138

Time periods and normalresults: After drinking: 30 minutes, 1 hours, and 3 hours

First hour should be < 180

Third hour 70-120 is normal range

Front 139

Test done 10-12 weeks gestation for genetic disorders

Back 139

Chorionic villi sampling

Front 140

Preeclampsia s/s

Back 140

Hypertension, proteinuria,swelling of face and hands, abnormally large weight gain

Front 141

HELLP syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur in pregnant women whohave?

Back 141

• H -- hemolysis (thebreakdown of red blood cells)
• EL -- elevated liver enzymes
• LP -- low platelet count

Front 142

Classic progression of preeclampsiato eclampsia is?

Back 142

Seizures

Front 143

If given magnesium sulfate check for too high a level by

Back 143

Checking patellar reflexes every hour. Othersigns are depressed respirations and decreased urinary output