21St Century Lesson 1

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Litera

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Latin word that literally means "an acquaintance with letters".

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Cirilo F. Bautista

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Literature raises life to a new level of meaning and understanding, and in the process restores sanity and justice in an insane and unjust world.

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Literature

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Involves the reading and analysis of written materials of different kinds including nonfiction and fiction work works in English.

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Written, Oral

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These are the two forms of literature.

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Written

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It is what we commonly regards literature to be, a notion we inherited from the west.

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Oral

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It harkens back to a precolonial past and consists of our indigenous epics and folklores.

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National, Regional

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These are the two sociographic scopes in Philippine literature.

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Bienvenido Lumbera (2005)

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The national and regional literatures are interrelated and have a dialectal relationship.

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Mojares (1990)

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The national and regional literatures are interacting, mutually constitutive realities.

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NoliMe Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891)

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The nationalist tradition in Philippine literature can be traced to Rizal’s novels which have been both attributed to have sparked the Philippine revolution for independence.

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Love

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It encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.

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War

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It is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces.

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Revenge

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It is the commitment of a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment.

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Good Vs. Evil

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It is perhaps the most well-known literary theme.

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Redemption

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It is a literary term for a type of character development in which a bad or morally gray character turns into a good person by the end of the story.

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Friendship

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It is a relationship of mutual affection between people. It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague.

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Justice

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The world isn’t always fair and it isn’t always served—and when it is, it doesn’t always look how we imagined it would. These are the kinds of statements stories with this kind of theme might make.

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Heroism

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It is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength.

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Loyalty

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It is one of the forces that keeps friendships intact, families in power, and the status quo in place.

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Man Vs. Nature

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This conflict occurs when the protagonist, either alone or together with the other characters, is in direct opposition to the forces of nature.

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Family

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It is a group of people related either by consanguinity or affinity. It forms the basis for social order.

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Literary Devices

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Any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work, which we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Both literary elements and literary techniques can fall under this category.

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Literary Techniques

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These are specific, deliberate constructions of language which an author uses to convey meaning.

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Alliteration

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Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words that are close to each other. It is also use to create emphasis on your writings.

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BlankVerse

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Non-rhyming poetry, usually written in iambic pentameter. Much of Shakespeare’s dialogue is written in blank verse, though it does occasionally rhyme.

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Anthropomorphism

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It is the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities, including animals. It is a way perceiving and interacting with the world that involves humanizing what is not human or personal. The term comes from the Greek words for “human” and “form”.

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CreativeLicense

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Exaggeration or alteration of objective facts or reality for the purpose of enhancing meaning in a fictional context.

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Dialogue

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Where characters speak to one another; may often be used to substitute for exposition.

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Exposition

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Where an author interrupts a story in order to explain something, usually to provide important background information.

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FigurativeLanguage

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Any use of language where the intended meaning differs from the actual literal meaning of the words themselves.

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Foreshadowing

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Where future events in a story, or perhaps the outcome, are suggested by the author before they happen.

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IambicPentameter

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Poetry written with each line containing ten syllables, in five repetitions of a two-syllable pattern wherein the pronunciation emphasis is on the second syllable.

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Imagery

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Language which describes something in detail, using words to substitute for and create sensory stimulation.

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Irony

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Where an event occurs which is unexpected, and which is in absurd or mocking opposition to what is expected or appropriate.

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Oxymoron

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A contradiction in terms.

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Paradox

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Where a situation is created which cannot possibly exist, because different elements of it cancel each other out.

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Parallelism

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Use of similar or identical language, structures, events, or ideas in different parts of a text.

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Literary Elements

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These are aspects or characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; we derive what they are from reading the text.

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Allegory

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Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical event.

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Antagonist

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Counterpart to the main character and source of a story’s main conflict. The person may not be “bad” or “evil” by any conventional moral standard, but he/she opposes the protagonist in a significant way.

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Characterization

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The author’s means of conveying to the reader a character’s personality, life history, values, physical attributes, etc. Also refers directly to a description thereof.

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Climax

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The turning point in a story, at which the end result becomes inevitable, usually where something suddenly goes terribly wrong; the “dramatic high point” of a story.

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Conflict

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A struggle between opposing forces which is the driving force of a story.

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Context

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Facts and conditions surrounding a given situation.

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Mood

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The atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within the setting.

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Plot

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Sequence of events in a story.

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Point-of-view

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The identity of the narrative voice; the person or entity through whom the reader experiences the story.

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Protagonist

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The main character in a story, the one with whom the reader is meant to identify. The person is not necessarily “good” by any conventional moral standard, but he/she is the person in whose plight the reader is most invested.

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Setting

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The time and place where a story occurs.

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Speaker

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The “voice” of a poem; not to be confused with the poet him/herself. Analogous to the narrator in prose fiction.

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Structure

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The manner in which the various elements of a story are assembled.

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Theme

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The main idea or message conveyed by the piece. A theme is generally stated as a complete sentence; an idea expressed as a single word or fragmentary phrase is a motif.

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Tone

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The apparent emotional state of the speaker/narrator/narrative voice, as conveyed through the language of the piece.