9.1B Pathophysiology - Fluid And Electrolyte

Front 1

What are the four major electrolytes?

Back 1

-Sodium
-Potassium
-Magnesium
-Calcium

Front 2

What is the normal range of Sodium in the ECF?

Back 2

135-145 mEq/L

Front 3

What is the normal range of Sodium in the ICF?

Back 3

10 mEq/L

Front 4

What is the normal range of Potassium in the ECF?

Back 4

3.5-5 mEq/L

Front 5

What is the normal range of Potassium in the ICF?

Back 5

140 mEq/L

Front 6

What is the normal range of Magnesium in the ECF?

Back 6

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Front 7

What is the normal range of Magnesium in the ICF?

Back 7

40 mEq/L

Front 8

What is the normal range of total serum Calcium?

Back 8

8.9-10.1 mg/dL (total)

Front 9

What is the normal range of ionized Calcium?

Back 9

4.5-5.1 mg/dL (ionized)

Front 10

What is the distribution of water in the ICF?

Back 10

2/3 of body water, 40% body weight

Front 11

What is the distribution of water in the ECF?

Back 11

1/3 of body water, 20% of body weight.
interstitial - 15% fluid between cells
intravascular - 5% plasma and lymph

Front 12

Which electrolyte:

Helps preserve ECF volume & fluid distribution. Helps transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers; combines with chloride and bicarbonate to regulate acid-base balance

Back 12

Sodium Na+

Front 13

Which electrolyte:

Maintains cell's electrical neutrality and osmalality; Aides neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses; Assists skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity; Affects acid base; Body cannot conserve

Back 13

Potassium K+

Front 14

Which electrolyte:

Promotes enzyme reactions within cell during carbohydrate metabolism; Helps body produce & use ATP for energy; Takes part in protein synthesis; Influences vasodilation; Regulates muscle contractions; Effects parathyroid hormone.

Back 14

Magnesium Mg+

Front 15

Which electrolyte:

Helps maintain cell structure and function; plays a role in cell membrane permeability and impulse transmission; Contraction of cardiac, smooth muscle, & skeletal muscle; Participates in blood clotting process

Back 15

Calcium Ca+

Front 16

Pushes water out of the capillary into interstitial spaces.

Back 16

Capillary Filtration Pressure

Front 17

Pulls water back into the capillary.

Back 17

Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Front 18

Opposes the movement of water out of the capillary.

Back 18

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Front 19

Pulls water out of the capillary into interstitial spaces.

Back 19

Tissue Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Front 20

osmotic pressure

Back 20

osmolarity

Front 21

hydrostatic pressure

Back 21

blood pressure

Front 22

movement between plasma and ISF

Back 22

capillary exchange

Front 23

movement between ECF and ICF

Back 23

sodium, infusion of isotonic, glucose, or hypertonic solution

Front 24

hormone which helps regulate Sodium Balance

Back 24

Aldosterone

Front 25

ECF loss

Back 25

hypovolemia

Front 26

excess ICF

Back 26

hypervolemia

Front 27

excess interstitial fluid

Back 27

Edema

Front 28

What is evident when interstitial volume > 2-3L?

Back 28

Edema

Front 29

These are manifestations of ______ ?

-weight gain
-weakness
-bounding pulse
-distended veins
-polyuria
-ascites

Back 29

early edema

Front 30

These are manefestations of _______ ?

-puffy eyes in AM
-orthopnea(Discomfort in breathing that is relieved by sitting or standing in an erect position.
-increase CVP(central veinous pressure)
-cough/dyspnea(difficulty breathing)
-decreased exercise t

Back 30

late edema

Front 31

Causes of ______ ?

-Increased capillary filtration pressure (excess fluid volume)
-Decreased capillary colloidal Osmotic pressure (decrease in plasma proteins)

Back 31

Edema

Front 32

In the Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron System what does Angiotensin stimulate?

Back 32

Thirst and vasoconstriction

Front 33

In the Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron System what does Aldosterone stimulate?

Back 33

Na+ and H2O retention

Front 34

Causes of ______ ?

-decrease in ECF
-increase in serum osmolality
-release of ADH(anti-diuretic hormone)

Back 34

Thirst

Front 35

Where are the neuroreceptors for thirst?

Back 35

Hypothalamus

Front 36

What hormone stimulates thirst?

Back 36

Angiotensin II [RAAS-of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System]

Front 37

These are causes of ______ ?

- Inadequate fluid intake(comatose, disoriented)
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- diuretic therapy
- Addison's Disease
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Back 37

Fluid Volume Deficit

Front 38

These are manefestations of ______ ?

-Neurologic
-Renal
-Mucous membranes
-Musculoskeletal
-Integumentary
-Metabolic processes
-Cardiovascular

Back 38

Fluid Volume Deficit

Front 39

What are the 4 types of Edema?

Back 39

-Generalized
-Anasarca
-Third spacing
-Lymphedema

Front 40

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the ECF?

Back 40

Sodium

Front 41

What is the deficiency of sodium in relation to water (body fluids diluted)?

Back 41

Hyponatremia

Front 42

What is the overabundance of sodium in relation to water (body fluids saturated)?

Back 42

Hypernatremia

Front 43

Which type of edema is this?

-usually related to excess vascular volume
-expansion of both the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments (effects of gravity evident)

Back 43

Generalized edema

Front 44

Which type of edema is this?

-Generalized massive edem involving all parts of the body, including the genitalia, chest wall, and arms

Back 44

Anasarca

Front 45

Which type of edema is this?

-Accumulation of fluid outside the vasc. compartment that is NOT the interstitial space.
-Fluids not available for metabolic processes
-ascites of fluid in the serous cavities(pericardial sac, peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity)

Back 45

Third Spacing

Front 46

Which type of edema is this?

-Edema in the interstitial space caused by blocked lymphatic vessels, which normally drain the tissues

Back 46

Lymphedemia

Front 47

Effects of ______ ?

-Serum osmalality decreases because of decrease in sodium concentration
-Change in mental status
-Late effects = stupor, neuromuscular excitability, convulsions, coma and death.

Back 47

Hyponatremia

Front 48

Causes of :

-Drug therapy
- inappropriate fluid placement
-SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone)

Back 48

Hyponatremia

Front 49

Effects of _______ ?

-Thirst
-Confusion
-Neuromuscular excitability
-Seizures
-Coma
-flushed skin
-low grade fever

Back 49

Hypernatremia

Front 50

Causes of ______ ?

-Water loss
-Inadequate water intake
-Sodium gain

Back 50

Hypernatremia

Front 51

A condition of the blood and other body fluids in which the bicarbonate concentration is above normal.

Back 51

Alkalosis

Front 52

-An abnormally high acid (hydrogen ion) concentration in blood plasma.
-When the blood pH value is less than 7.35, the patient is in acidosis.

Back 52

Acidosis

Front 53

Abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.

Back 53

Hyperkalemia

Front 54

Abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood.

Back 54

Hypokalemia

Front 55

Causes of ______ ?

-Decreased renal elimination
-rapid, excessive potassium administration
-movement of ICF to ECF compartment

Back 55

Hyperkalemia

Front 56

Manifestations of ______ ?

-neuromuscular weakness and cramps
-paresthesias (a skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause)
-Anorexia, nausia
-Polyuria
-Alt. in NM excitability
-N/V, Diarrhea
-Weakness
-Dizziness

Back 56

Hyperkalemia

Front 57

Manifestations of ______ ?:

-Altered membrane potentials on CV, NM, & GI function
-Postural hypotension
-Dysrhythmias
-Metabolic alkalosis

Back 57

Hypokalemia

Front 58

What is the range of Phosphate in the system?

Back 58

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Front 59

What is the % of K in ICF / % in ECF?

Back 59

98% / 2%

Front 60

What is the % of Ca in ICF / % in ECF?

Back 60

1% / 1%

Front 61

What is the % of Mg in ICF / % in ECF?

Back 61

39% / 1%

Front 62

Where is Na excreted?

Back 62

kidney

Front 63

where is K excreted?

Back 63

kidney, skin, GI tract

Front 64

where is Ca excreted?

Back 64

kidney, protein binding

Front 65

where is Mg excreted?

Back 65

kidney

Front 66

where is P excreted?

Back 66

kidney

Front 67

Causes of ______ ?

- Heart Failure
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Hepatic Cirrhosis
- Sepsis
- Some medications

Back 67

Fluid Volume Excess

Front 68

Manifestations of ______ ?

- Polyuria
- weight gain
- Bounding pulse
- Distended veins

Late
- Orthopnea
- Dyspnea
- decreased exercise tolerance

Back 68

Fluid Volume Excess

Front 69

Causes of ______ ?

- inadequate intake
- excessive loss through kidney, skin, or GI tract
- Redistributed between ICF and ECF compartments

Back 69

Hypokalemia

Front 70

Causes of ______ ?

- abnormal loss of Ca from kidneys
- impaired ability to move Ca bone stores
- increased protein binding

Back 70

Hypocalcemia

Front 71

Manifestations of ______ ?

- parasthesias
- cramps
- hyperactive reflexes
- tetany
- hypotension
- bone pain

Back 71

Hypocalcemia

Front 72

Causes of ______ ?

- Ca movement in the circulation overwhelms the Ca reg. hormones of the ability of the kidney to remove excess calcium ions

Back 72

Hypercalcemia

Front 73

Manifestations of ______ ?

- polyuria
- increased thirst
- flank pain
- muscle weakness
- Ataxia
- personality and behavior change
- anorexia
- constipation

Back 73

Hypercalcemia

Front 74

Causes of ______ ?

- intestinal malabsorption
- Vit. D deficiency
- use of Mg & antacids
- long term alcohol abuse (ETOH)
- increase renal excretion

Back 74

Hypophosphatemia

Front 75

Manifestations of ______ ?

- paresthesias
- muscle weakness
- bone pain
- muscle pain & tenderness
- confusion, LOC
- seizures
- anorexia/dysphagia
- decrease bowel sounds
- acute resp. failure

Back 75

Hypophosphatemia

Front 76

Causes of ______ ?

- long term use of P containing enemas or laxatives
- hypoparathyroidism

Back 76

Hyperphosphatemia

Front 77

Manifestations of ______ ?

- related to low Ca lvl symptoms
- circumoral and peripheral paresthesias
- muscle spasms
- tetany
- soft tissue calcification

Back 77

Hyperphosphatemia

Front 78

Causes of ______ ?

- insufficient intake
- excessive loss
- movement between ICF & ECF compartments
- diarrhea
- malabsorption syndromes
- chronic alcoholism

Back 78

Hypomagnesemia

Front 79

Manifestations of ______ ?

- personality change
- nystagmus
- tetany
- tachycardia
- dysrhythmias
- hypertension

Back 79

Hypomagnesemia

Front 80

Causes of ______ ?

- Renal insufficiency
- antacids
- mineral supplements
- laxatives

Back 80

Hypermagnesemia

Front 81

Manifestations of ______ ?

- lethargy
- hyporeflexia
- confusion
- coma
- hypotension
- dysrhythmias

Back 81

Hypermagnesemia