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329 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alucinere |
To wander in mind, talk idly, or prate |
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What are three names used for hallucinogens? |
Psychedelic, illusinogens, deliriants |
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Do hallucinogens have similar or a variety of chemical structure/class? |
Variety |
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What are the four hallucinogen groups? |
Cholinergic, serotonergic, methylated amphetamine, others |
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Which hallucinogen group are produced by plants to create delirium or be used as poison? |
Cholinergic |
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Amanita muscaria is produced by? |
The fly agaric mushroom |
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Who ate the Amanita muscaria and why? |
Vikings before raids because it produced "agitated raving" which is the cause for their names as "berserkers" |
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What is a main psychoactive substance in Amanita muscaria? |
Ibotenic acid |
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Does Ibotenic acid change much while going through the body? Ie, can you get the same effect by drinking someone else's urine who previously consumed the drug? |
It does not change much and you can get the same psychoactive efect |
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What are key effects of the cholinergic activation induced by amanita? |
Initial good humour, detachment from reality, agitative raving etc |
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What is Ibogaine? |
At small doses is a stimulant which allows for hunters to make long treks in search of food. |
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What is the main psychoactive substance of ibogaine? |
Ibogaine acid |
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What are cholinergic antagonist hallucinogens? |
Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors |
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What colour flowers are Atropa Belladonna? |
Purple |
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What is Atropine (alkaloid) also known as? |
Deadly night shade or love apples. Also seen as a aphrodisiac |
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What was the name Atropa Belladonna given to reflect? |
Two common uses of the plant |
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Atropos was one of the three fates which job was to? |
Cut the thread of life |
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The juice of nightshade berries was put in peoples eyes to cause? |
Pupil dilation in ancient times |
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Physiological effects of atropine? |
dilated pupils, feeling like one is suffocating, increase in general arousal (low dose) |
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Atropine effects at high doses? |
dream like state, hallucinations, erotic dreams |
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Upon awakening, what is is one possible effect? |
Amnesia |
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Datura stramonium is known as? |
Jimsonweed, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, loco weed, devil's weed, and stinkweed |
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What are some examples of datura stramonium? |
Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine (all are cholinergic blockers) |
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Datura was used in cigarettes for treatment of what? |
Treatment of asthma |
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How many seeds does a Jimsonweed produce each fall? |
50-100 |
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How many of the Jimsonweed produce low doses? |
10-20 |
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How many of the Jimsonweed produce high doses? |
50 can produce hallucinations or even death |
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Henbane was used in what? |
Orgies in the middle ages |
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Mandragora officinarum |
Plant contains atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine (Not really important) |
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) trade name is? |
Delysid |
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LSD was first synthesized by? |
Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman in1938 |
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LSD is the main hallucinogen which is a prime example of? |
Serotonergic hallucinogen |
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How did Hoffman first realize the hallucinogenic effects of LSD? |
Accidentally got some on his hand |
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What year did Hoffman accidentally get LSD on his hands? |
1943 |
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How much LSD did Hoffman intentionally ingest to see the effects? |
250 microgram (1/4mg) |
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How many times higher is 250mg of the psychedelic effect |
5X higher |
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Dr. Timothy Leary nick name was? |
Godfather of LSD |
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Blotter acid is? |
Absorbent paper decorated with figures |
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LSD effects what first? |
Sympathetic Nervous system |
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What are two effects of LSD? |
Dilated pupils and analgesia |
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What is experienced when eyes are closed using LSD? |
1) Form constants (latticework, honeycombs) 2) Synasethesia (seeing sounds) 3) Ego disintegration (Difficulty distinguishing their self from their surroundings)(May be due to the analgesic effect) 4) Bad trips or panic attacks 5) Flashbacks |
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How long does it take to receive tolerance effects of LSD? |
Only 3-4 days |
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Is there evidence for Pavlovian conditioning in development of tolerance in LSD? |
Yes |
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Is there evidence of physical dependence for LSD? |
No |
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Is LSD associated with schizophrenia? |
No |
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Does LSD increase or decrease the firing of serotonin neurons on the raphe nuclei? |
Decrease |
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Is LSD and agonist or antagonist at the presynaptic 5-HT receptors? |
Agonist |
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5-HT receptors serve as a negative or positive feedback regulatory function on serotonergic activity? |
Negative feedback |
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What is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) involved in? |
Filtering of sensory information |
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LSD interfered with the filtering of what? |
Sensory information leading to sensory distortion |
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Lysergic acid Amide |
Less potent but natural form of LSD |
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How is lysergic acid amide formed? |
Acremonium fungus (type of infection) attaching to certain seeds and grass |
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Does 5-HT block the hallucinogen effect of LSD? |
Yes |
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How is Holyfire or St. Anthony's fire start? |
May have resulted from the strong vasoconstrictive action of lysergic acid amide that has been baked into bread made from infected grains |
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Psilocybin |
Is a naturally occurring substance in a variety of mushrooms |
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In the body psilocybin is converted to? |
Psilicin |
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Is psilocybin or psilocin more lipid soluble? |
Psilocin |
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Is psilocybin or psilocin the agent which causes hallucinogens? |
Psilocin |
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What is the drug Entheogen used for? |
Spiritual and religious points |
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What drug is used to help people express their feelings? |
LSD |
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Are serotonergic hallucinogen drugs reinforcing? |
No, people just do them for hallucinations |
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What drugs is businessman's psychedelic associated with? |
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) because it is short lived and was used on lunch breaks |
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What is bufotenine referred to as well? |
Toad licking |
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What is a side effect of bufotenine/toad licking? |
Cyanosis, Skin turns purple |
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Mescaline is the active alkaloid in the _______? (Type of plant) |
Peyote cactus |
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Is there tolerance in relation to mescaline? |
Yes and very rapidly |
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Does Mescaline produce the same effect as serotonergic hallucinogens producing an agonist actionat the 5-HT receptors? |
Yes |
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What type of name is DOM? (Chemical or street) |
Chemical |
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What type of name is STP? (Chemical or street) |
Street |
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What is MDA in relation to MDMA (ecstasy) |
It is a metabolite of MDMA |
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Where can safole or shikimo (substances which can be converted to MDA easily) be found? |
The root of sassafras trees |
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Is MDMA metabolized to MDA or is MDA metabolized to MDMA? |
MDMA to MDA |
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What are some side effects of MDMA? |
Tension in the jaw, teeth grinding (many people use pacifiers) |
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MDMA has more toxic effects than most hallucinogens resulting in? |
High body temperature, and dehydration which in combination can produce death |
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Does MDMA release serotonin AND dopamine? |
Yes |
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Does MDMA and MDA block the reuptake of serotonin? |
Yes, which causes prolonged and intense periods of serotonergic activation |
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Was the major metabolite higher or lower in persons who had used MDMA between 80-100 times? |
Lower |
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In brain areas involving learning and memory, nerve ending will or will not grow back after multiple MDMA use? |
Will not resulting in a permanent lowering of serotonergic functioning |
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In areas involved in sleep and appetite there is increase or decrease in regeneration of nerves? |
Increase resulting in excess serotonin release |
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Does mescaline promote self administration? |
No |
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Does mescaline produce a conditioned place preference? |
Yes |
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What are phencyclidine and ketamine referred to as? |
Dissociative anesthetics |
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What is phencyclidine referred to as? |
Horse tranquilizers |
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In low doses PCP causes? |
euphoria, numbness, loss of motor coordination, catatonia, initial nystagmus which turn into a fixed stare, distortion of body image (thinking arts are small or big), paranoia, hallucinations, etc |
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Is there tolerance and physical dependence with PCP in animals? |
Yes |
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Is there tolerance and physical dependence with PCP in humans? |
No |
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What is Ketamine's street name? |
Special K |
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How to users of Ketamine describe the effects? (Entering the ________) |
K-hole |
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What does PCP and Ketamine bind to? |
Sigma opiate receptors |
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Is PCP and ketamine agonist or antagonist of the NMDA receptors? |
Antagonist which also increase in dopaminergic activity in brain reward center |
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Does PCP and ketamine support self administration of animals? |
Yes |
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Does PCP and ketamine support a condition placed preference? |
No |
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What does Dextromenthorphan (DM) do? |
Stimulates sigma opiate receptors and blocks NMDA receptors, the same two actions of PCP and ketamine |
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Recreational use of DM is called? |
Robo-copping, roboing because the main source of abuse in it is Robitussin |
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What is the main building block in steroids? |
Cholesterol |
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What is the name of the abused steroids? |
Anabolic-androgenic steroids |
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What are steroids main difference? |
Their resistance to metabolic break down in the liver |
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The "first pass" metabolism? |
Ingesting steroids in which a large chunk will be destroyed in the liver. MAny people shoot steroids to bypass this |
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What is stacking or pyrimiding? |
Using multiple steroids a week and slowing reducing it before competition |
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What is "closing over"? |
Stunting of growth when using steroids before down growing |
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Will testes regrow after stopping of steroid use? |
Yes |
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What are "bitch tits"? |
Enlargement of breasts |
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Manic episodes are? |
Use of steroids which cause fast talking, positive mood, impulsiveness, etc |
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Ma huang comes from? |
Leafless desert shrub known as the horsetail plant |
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What is the main ingredient in Ma Huang? |
Ephedrine |
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Where is Khat from? |
Catha adulis plant |
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What is the active ingredient in Khat? |
Cathinone |
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Methcathinone's street name is? |
Cat |
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Methcathinone effects which part of the brain? |
Causes release of dopamine in the VTA, thereby producing an euphoric effect |
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Did Europeans like using coca? |
No, they didn't like the chewing aspect |
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When did Europeans start using coca/cocaine? |
After they isolated cocaine and it could be put into drinks |
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What drug is Sigmund Freud sent to his wife? |
Cocaine |
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What was the average cocaine in a drink (ladies tonic)? |
7 mg |
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What/who is Vin Mariani? |
First potion containing cocaine by Angelo Mariani |
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What cocaine drink mix had the most cocaine in it? |
Ryno hay fever remedy at 90% |
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When did cocaine resurface? |
1950's |
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When was cocaine originally legal? |
1911 in the second (???) legislation |
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What drug is referred to as the "cadillac" drug? |
Cocaine |
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What is the major form of cocaine in the 1980's? |
Crack |
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When cocaine is scraped off the liquid attached to alkaloid, what percentage is it? |
60% pure cocaine |
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What is the 60% pure cocaine off alkaloid called? |
Coca paste |
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How many pounds of coca leaves does it take to make one pound of cocaine? |
400 pounds of coca leaves |
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Can you smoke cocaine? |
Not really because it does not volatize at low temperatures and destroys most of the drug |
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How is crack formed? |
Derived from cocaine hydrochloride by treating it with an alkaline solution like water or baking soda |
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Can crack be smoked? |
Yes |
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Why is crack called crack? |
Has a popping noise when smoked |
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What is the main difference from cocaine and crack? |
Just how they are administered |
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What is Amphetamine also referred to as? |
Adderall |
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What are the two main stimulants? |
Cocaine and amphetamine |
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How do people use amphetamine inhaler to get high? |
Open it up and drink the liquid (High dose) |
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Does adderall produce state dependent learning? |
Yes |
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What is a possible symptom of amphetamine? |
Bugs under the skin |
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What is "speedball"? |
Heroin + Stimulant |
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What is "speed freak"? |
Individuals that exhibit psychotic and aggressive behaviours from amphetamine use. IV use |
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What is Phenmetrazine marketed as? |
Antiobesity drug |
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What is Phenmatrazine's street name? |
Bam |
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Why has meth had an increase in popularity? |
Ease of supply |
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What is "Tina" referred to? |
Methamphetamine use in the male homosexual community |
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Where is cocaine used most? (rural or urban area) |
Urban |
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Where is meth used most? (rural or urban) |
Rural |
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What are the 5 stimulants we talked about? |
Cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cathinone, ephedrine |
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What is the half life of cocaine? |
40 minutes |
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What is the half life of amphetamine? |
8 hours |
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What nervous system do all psychomotor stimulants activate? |
Sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight) |
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What is cocaethylene? |
The breakdown of cocaine when alcohol is also present |
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When using coke is there more or less activation of brain when expecting loosing rather than winning? |
Less |
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Cocaethylene increases or decreases the duration of the effects of cocaine |
increase |
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How many more times is the risk of death when using cocaethylene rather than just cocaine? |
25 times |
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Does cocaine increase or block the reuptake of dopamine? |
Block |
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Cocaine activates serotonin which increases or decrease dopamine release? |
Decrease resulting in dampen euphoria |
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Does meth increase or decrease libido and unsafe sex practices in heterosexual males and females? |
Increase in both homosexual and heterosexual |
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Does long term use with meth increase or decrease interest in sex? |
LONG TERM use results in decrease in interest |
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What is cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine called? |
Psychological stimulants |
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What are the three type of patterns with drugs? |
Slow pattern, fast pattern, place restricted (stops and starts) |
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How much cocaine is a lethal dose when ingested? |
1-2 grams |
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How much cocaine is a lethal dose for injection? |
700-800 mg |
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Lethal does for methamphetamine? |
150 mg |
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What is the typical effective dose of methamphetamine? |
15 mg |
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Sir George Frederick was the first person to recognize what? |
ADD |
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In what year did Charles Bradley note that Benzedrine given to ADD children reduces their symptoms? |
1937 |
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What type of drugs help with ADD |
Stimulants |
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Ontario student drug use survey say about what percent of students use ADD medication? |
2 percent |
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What type of drugs produce the highest breaking points? |
Stimulants |
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Does rewarding effects of stimulants increase or decrease with chronic use? |
increase |
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Cocaine blues |
Feeling shitty because the body cannot synthesize enough dopamine |
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Stimulants show what which is used by many women? |
The drugs anorectic effect |
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T/F. Tolerance occurs to the anorexic effects of stimulants but only under certain conditions? |
True |
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What is contingent tolerance procedure? |
tolerance when drug, food availability and hungry rat are all in place |
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Is sensitization to the behavioural activation effects of stimulants a move to the left or right of the graph |
Left |
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T/F. Animals tested with the usual drug cues demonstrated a "sensitized" behavioural response while animals test in the non drug context behaved similarly to control animals receiving the drug for the first time? |
True |
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What is "speed bugs" or "crank bugs"? |
The feelings of bugs under their skin. Sigmund Freuds friend had this |
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Stimulant psychosis produces what type of behaviour in humans? |
Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Do stimulants produce physical dependence and withdrawal? |
Conflicting results |
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Is gambling in DSM-V? |
Yes |
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Which release more serotonin, cocaine or meth? |
Meth |
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Does methamphetamine or amphetamine cause a greater release of serotonin? |
Methamphetamine |
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T/F Stimulants MOST NOTABLY cause the release of epinephrine? |
False. Norepinephrine |
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What is the most important receptor in rewarding effects? |
D1 |
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Stimulant blues |
Depressed feeling |
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Anhedonia? |
When someone stops taking a stimulant and become depressed afterwards |
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Are antipsychotic dopamine blocking medications useful in the treatment of stimulant addictions? |
Not really. Cause many unwanted side effects |
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What does the drug GBR 12909 do? |
Blocks the re-uptake of dopamine, in fact it is a more potent re-uptake blocker than cocaine |
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Does GBR 12909 increase stimulant self administration in rats and monkeys? |
No, it blocks it |
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What is vanoxerine? |
Used to treat depression by inhibiting release and re-uptake of dopamine |
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What is usually the type of drug of choice? |
Stimulant like meth :P |
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What is gamma vinyl GABA (Vigabatrin) used for? |
Treatment of stimulant addiction |
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How does Vigabatrin work? |
Impedes the catabolism of GABA by preventing the action of GABA-transaminase and this leads to greater GABA inhibition of dopamine release in the NAcc |
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What does cocaine vaccine do? |
Produces cocaine antibodies
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What is a sedative-hypnotic? |
A drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system and typically has medical uses of relieving anxiety and inducing sleep |
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What are the substances that are designed to blunt or alleviate the feelings of anxiety called? |
Anxiolytics |
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Chloral hydrate was combined with alcohol to produce what? (nick name) |
"knock out drops" or a "Mickey Finn". Date rape drug |
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What type of drug was responsible for the use of pharmacological use? |
Barbiturates |
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What is Malonylurea? |
The parent compound of barbiturates which is also known as barbituric acid
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The first modification of barbituric acid was accomplished in 1903 by? |
Fischer and Von Mering |
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What is Diethylbarbituric acids generic name? |
Barbital |
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What is Biethylbarbituric's trade name? |
Veronal |
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What is the difference between all barbiturates? |
Just last different lengths |
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What is Phenobarbital? |
A long-acting barbituate |
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What is the duration of Long acting barbiturate? |
Six hours and an onset of one hour |
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What is Amobarbital? |
An intermediate-acting barbiturate |
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What is the duration of intermediate-acting barbiturate? |
4-6 hours with an onset of 30 minutes |
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What is Pentobarbital and Secobarbital? |
A short-acting barbiturate |
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What is the duration of short-acting barbiturates? |
1-4 hours with an onset of 15 minutes |
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Between Phenobarbital, Ambobarbital, Pentobarbital and Secobarbital, which is referred to as a truth serum? |
Amobarbital |
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In what years did barbiturates become the most widely used drugs? |
1950's |
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What is the typical barbiturate abuser profile? |
Caucasian female aged 30-50 who is a member of middle or upper economic class |
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What colour is Amobarbital? |
Blue |
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What colour is Pentobarbital? |
Yellow |
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What colour is Secobarbital? |
Red |
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What colour is Tuinal? |
Christmas trees or rainbow (Blue + red) |
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Do barbituates increase or decrease the inhibitory actions of GABA? |
Increase/enhance |
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Barbituates bind to specific sites on the GABAa subunit increasing the affinity of GABA for its receptor and ____________ the time the ion channels remain open. |
Prolong which makes it fourfold to fivefold |
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Do barbiturates increase or decrease glutamate transmission? |
Decrease |
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Is there tolerance for barbiturates? |
Yes |
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Does tolerance occur more rapidly to the lethal effects of barbiturates or the reinforcing effect? |
Reinforcing effect which means increased chance of overdose |
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What are the three tests which prove Pavlovian conditioning? |
Situational specificity, Placebo CR testing, and loss by extinction |
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What are some symptoms of stropping barbiturates? |
Hypotension and fainting, tremulousness and muscular fasiculations, anorexia and vomiting, weight loss, confusion etc |
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What is the approximate barbiturate withdrawal death rate? |
5% |
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Does barbiturates show reinforcing effects? |
Yes |
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Pattern of self administration follows which of the following? Opiates or stimulants? |
Opiates as administration occurs slower. Stimulants such as cocaine have rapid elevation of dose followed by no administration due to exhaustion and stuff. |
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Is there evidence for conditioned place preference for barbiturates? |
No. There is actually a aversion with barbiturates |
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There is substantial evidence with rates that exposure to barbiturates during early gestational periods results in? |
Abnormal neural and biochemical differentiation of the CNS, deficits in learning, retarded attainment of developmental milestones and behavioural alteration of sex differences |
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Do rats who are exposed to barbiturates result in increase is masculinity or femininity? |
Femininity |
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In the open field test of rats do males tend to run around more or stand still? (Normal rats) |
Stand still |
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What is the most important "other anxiolytics"? |
Methaqualone |
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What is the street name for Methaqualone? |
Ludes |
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What is the trade name for Methaqualone? |
Disco bisquits |
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What is "luding out"? |
taking alc with it which is very dangerous |
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What does Propanediols do to the body? |
Produces muscle relaxation and a sleep like condition |
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The modification of Mephenesin carbamate lead to what drug? |
Meprobamate |
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When was meprobamate or Miltown (Trade name) first marketed? |
1955 |
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What word is associated with meprobamate? |
Tranquillizers |
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What does the drug RO produce to the body? |
To calm and soothe animals |
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Chlordiazepoxide is Benzodiem trade name or generic name? |
Generic name |
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Librium is Benzodiem trade name or generic name? |
Trade name |
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Benzodiazepine is marketed as? |
Valium |
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What is the test which has been developed to identify drugs that may possess desirable therapeutic effects? |
Screening tests |
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Explain the elevated plus maze |
PG 146 |
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What is the Geller-Seifter Procedure? |
Involves multiple schedule of reinforcement. (Hungry rats waiting for food). Has a "Variable interval 2 minute/ Fixed Ratio with shock" |
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Like barbiturates, the benzodiazepines are classified by what? |
Duration of action |
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Diazepan (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium) are classified as? |
Long acting |
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Midazolam (Versed), oxazepam (Serax), alprazolam (Xanax), and triazolam (Halcion) are classified as? |
Short acting |
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Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) are classified as?
|
Intermediate acting
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Benzodiazepines is used by what type of other addicts? |
Alcohol and opiate addicts |
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Does benzodiazepines increase or decrease the effects of alcohol and opiates which help manage withdrawal syndrome? |
Increase |
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Benzodiazepines are called? |
Minor Tranquillizers |
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Benzodiazepines decreases walking during the ______, increase total ________ time, and reduce ____ sleep. |
Night, sleep, REM |
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Is there tolerance to the sleep effects of Benzodiazepines? |
Yes |
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Benzodiazepines can be used as what? |
Date rape drug |
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Benzodiazepines ability as a date rape drug causes what type of amnesia? |
Anterograde (Loss of memory from drug administration to proper levels of blood/drug) |
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Does benzodiazepines increase or decrease neuronal excitability making them useful in the management of alcohol withdrawal and epilepsy? |
Decrease/reduce |
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Does benzodiazepine increase or decrease the affinity of GABA for its receptors? |
Increase |
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When benzodiazepine occupy the "satellite receptors", GABA activity in increased or decreased? |
Increased |
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Is Flumazenil a benzodiazepine a agonist or antagonist? |
Antagonist |
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Does tolerance develop more rapidly for physical aspect or anxiolytic effects in relation to benzodiazepine? |
Physical aspect (Muscle relaxing, sedating, sleep inducing, anticonvulsant) |
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In relation to benzodiazepine, is there withdrawal symptoms in humans? |
Yes |
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In relation to benzodiazepine, is there evidence for self administration paradigm? |
No, not reliable |
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What are "Narkes" |
Opiates |
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Opiate plant is what colour and what colour seeds? |
Pink flower, yellow seeds |
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What is the brown gummy substance in opiate plants? |
Opium |
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What are two natural opiums? |
Morphemes, codeine |
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Is smoking or drinking opiums more prevalent? |
Drinking |
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What do opiate smokers do? The waving head aspect to it. |
Chasing the dragon |
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Physician Paracelsus created ________ as a medical drink containing opium, whine and other spices? |
Laudanum |
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Serturner did what? |
Isolate the active ingredient in opium called morphium. |
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What is Godfrey's Cordial, A Pennysworth of Peace, and Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup? |
They are opium containing tonic available in early 1800's in Europe and NA |
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In 1907 an anti-Chinese crusader from San Francisco set of what and in what canadian city? |
Full scale riot in Vancouver due to people wanting limits on immigrations |
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Who was sent by the federal government to investigate? |
Deputy Minister of Labor, Mackenzie King |
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What profile of individuals use opiates? |
Middle age white women in middle to high class society. Same as barbiturate users |
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What did the 1908 Opium act do? |
Made it illegal to import, manufacture, or sell opium for non-medical purposes |
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What did the 1911 Opium act do? |
Made possession a crime, expanded police powers of search and seizure, and made cocaine an illegal substance |
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Who is Emily Murphy and where was she from? |
From Alberta and was a writer who went against drugs |
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What is "The Black Candle"? |
The first anti drug book in Canada which was by Emily Murphy |
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When was the major new drug law passed for Opium and Narcotic drugs? |
1929 |
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What was "writ of assistance" within the 1929 drug act? |
Open ended search warrant. Was abolished in 1985 |
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What are the three most important alkaloids in opium? |
Morphine (10%), codeine (0.5%), thebaine (0.2%) |
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What is the source for the opiate derived oxycodone found in Percodan? |
Thebaine |
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Who was Heroin synthesized by and when? |
C.R. Adler Wright in 1874 by adding two acetyl groups to the morphine molecule |
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Is heroin more or lipid less soluble than morphine? |
More |
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Is heroin more or less ionized than morphine? |
less |
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Does being more lipid soluble and less ionized make it easier or harder to access the CNS |
Easier |
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Heroin was introduced in the form of Bayer Heroin in what year? |
1898 |
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What was Bayer Heroin used for originally? |
Analgesic good for coughs and chest pain |
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Percodon is Oxycodone mixed with? |
Aspirin |
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Percocet is Oxycodone mixed with? |
Acetaminophen |
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Oxycodone with a time release form is known as? |
OxyContin |
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What is Oxycontin called as? |
Poor man's heroin or hillbilly heroin. Would ground up pill and take the time release aspect out |
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Oxymorphone trade name is? |
Opana |
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Hydrocodone combined with acetaminophen is known as? |
Vicodin |
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Methadone is known as? |
Dolorphine |
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Buprenorphine which does not have much abuse trade name is? |
Subutex without nalxone or Suboxone if combined with naloxone |
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Fentanyl (Sublimaze) has high rates of what? |
Overdose as very potent |
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What is Hydromorphone also known as? |
Dilaudid |
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How did the opiate antagonist originate from? |
Chemical modification to the morphine molecule |
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What are two opiate antagonists? |
Naloxone and naltrexone |
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What percent of opiate use in it in Ontario high schools? |
10% |
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What percentage of Canadian university students found in the past year to have non-medical opiate use? |
5% year and 14% lifetime |
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What are some common effects of opiates? |
Tingling sensation, warm feeling, intense orgasmic sensation,depressed respiration, itching, PINPOINT PUPILS, constipation, analgesia, nodding |
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What is "nodding"? |
Tranquil drowsiness |
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Does Opiates show self administration? |
Yes in rats and mice |
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What is the typical pattern of administration for opiates? |
Gradual increase over several weeks in the daily intake of the drug until a steady level is reached and maintained |
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Do opiates support the development of conditioned place preference? |
Virtually all opiates do |
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T/F Mu receptors are involved in almost all opiate effects including euphoria and analgesia? |
True |
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What area are Mu Receptors located in? |
Ventral tagmental area |
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Opiates act on GABA neurons by inhibiting them which does what to dopamine? |
Increase it |
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Sigma receptors does what? |
Mediate dysphoria and haalucinations |
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What does Delta receptors do? |
Main opiate backup receptors (Next ton Mu receptors) |
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Endorphines are endogenous peptides that act as agonist or antagonist at opiate receptors? |
Agonist |
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Endorphins are used in what ways? |
Stress induced analgesia, acupuncture, childbirth, intense physical activity, and anorexia |
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Is there tolerance to opiate effects? |
Yes, to most but more with euphoria, analgesia, and respiratory depression |
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Is there tolerance to constipation and pupil constriction in relation to opiates? |
Yes but on a smaller scale |
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Are the withdrawal effects of opiates lethal like barbiturates and alcohol? |
No |
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What are the typical effects of opiate withdrawal? |
Flu like symptoms |
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what is "cold turkey"? |
Goosebumps which occurs on opiate withdrawal |
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Why did the term "kicking the habit" come from? |
Twitching of the extremities after opiate withdrawal |
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What is "chipper"? |
People who only use opiates a few times and can regulate their use |
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Does withdrawal syndrome produce positive or negative reinforcement? |
Negative reinforcement |
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What is the most predictable outcome among treated opiate addicts? |
Relapse (Grabbing some booze n stuff) |
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What percent of treated opiate addicts relapse within the first 6 months? |
81% |
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What is methadone maintenance used for? |
Heroin addicts. Given Methadone instead of heroin (Less of an opiate agonist and a more widespread effect period) |
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When methadone is taken orally it has a long duration. How long? |
10-24 hours |
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Who created methadone maintenance? |
Dole and Nyswander |
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When was Methadone first used in Canada? |
1960's |
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Is methadone maintenance part of the "harm reduction" philosophy treatment? |
Yes |
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What is also used in the harm reduction approach? |
Needle exchange programs |
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Who is methadone maintenance programs only used for? |
Patients which are physically dependent and who have been using for a long period of time |
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What is the typical methadone dose sufficient to prevent withdrawal syndrome? |
50 mg. Must be large enough to present withdrawal but not so large to produce euphoria |
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What is Subitex? |
Buprenorphine alone |
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What is Suboxone? |
Buprenorphrine + nalaxone |
