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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |
-created after WWI to prevent any other wars -believed: wars were not effective for solving problems - 60 million casualties not necessary -Treaty of V is treaty of revenge not peace - will cause future war -believed economic imperialism is cause of most war and violence - wealthy companies impose their will on less wealthy companies |
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Women's Peace Union |
Started lobbying congress for amendment to constitution requiring a referendum before America goes to war - let Americans vote, not just up to president |
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Washington's Disarmament Conference |
-World leaders met to solve peace questions -Countries shouldn't make as many bombs, tanks, guns - decrease the size of wars bc fewer weapons. -Negotiated on limits for naval battle ships and weaponry |
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Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 |
-62 countries signed -condemned recourse to war for the solution of international consequence -renounce war - talk out problems diplomatically so people don't have to die |
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Reason why peace pacts didn't work |
Money... debt! America emerged as creditor nation bc they came out of WWI with money - Europe owed US $10billion US invested in German countries, middle east, and south America Countries all around the world bought from US Europeans mad that US profited from war, while they suffered Germany printed more money to pay debt - huge inflation |
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Charles Dawes Plans 1924 |
To solve the problem of debt: -reduce amount of money Germany had to pay each month by extending payment period -loans Germany money to address its economic problems -Identified certain parts of the money owed to allies and forgives them of some debt |
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1929 |
World economy collapsed Europe would never pay America back |
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Isolationism |
Hatred of war Belief in limited military America becomes isolated - doesn't worry about Germany's problem with Hitler Midwest was more isolationist than rest of US - Germans living in US wanted to stay out of German issues |
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Reasons for being Isolationists |
1. Wars damage domestic reform (clean cities, education..) 2. Undermines civil liberties (exec. power increases) 3. Dangerously expands presidential power 4. Disrupts economy 5. Exaggerates pre-existing problems (race, class) |
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Gerald P. Nye |
Believed in anti-war WILPF used him/his authority to bring issue to congress |
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NYE Committee Hearings |
-Investigated business relations with war -Couldn't prove arms business relations caused war -American business helped build German war economy - oil, copper, steel sold to facists countries used to build war machines |
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Neutrality Acts |
FDR's acts tried to prevent US involvement in wars: 1935 - prohibited arms shipments to either side if war were to break out 1936 - forbids loaning money to either side 1937 - Cash & Carry principle - if war breaks out countries involved must pay cash and carry products away in own ships if they wanted to trade with US. - avoids loans and prevents ships from being sunk. |
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FDR's response |
Troubled by aggressiveness of Germany, Italy, and Japan, FDR: -began to increase weaponry and naval ships -had bills declined so he could have power to declare war -wanted neutrality acts removed when war broke out - congress refused |
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September 1939 |
WWII officially broke out Congress repealed neutrality act of 1935 so US could sell weapons to England, France, and Russia -made Hitler mad |
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Why did America get involved in WWII? |
China! china was open for everybody - nobody could colonize it Chiang Kai Shek ousted communist leader and formed great ties with US |
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Japanese Resentment of US |
1. Japan resented western colonialism 2. Resources - Japan was small, based on import-export economy 3. Anti-Japanese laws in US |
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Manchurian Crisis 1931 |
Japan ceases part of China called Manchuria because it had coal/iron/timber. Also serves as a buffer from Russia -US and Europe debate on what to do - don't want to go to war to protect China |
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Stimpson Doctrine (1932) |
US wouldn't recognize any government imposed upon China by force |
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Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 |
China V Japan Japan started to win, taking more land from China, spreading holdings. Japan bombed Shanghai killing thousands of people - occupied Nanking - murdered |
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Rape of Nanking |
December 1937 200,000 people raped, tortured, murdered China pleaded for help from US - America was sympathetic but still worried about America and the Great Depression |
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America Debates on War |
1939-1941 Political, moral, and economic reasons, but no direct attack US greatly divided on whether to join war |
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German attacks |
Attacked all over Europe, conquered Northern Europe and controlled Paris - France surrendered in July 1940 Germany started bombing England - Americans worried what's next? New York? |
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FDR prepares for war |
Prepares for war but won't fire first shot Campaign Trail - your boys won't go into foreign war - we will enable British to win - sending weapons and material for England 1941 - US would lend weapons rather than sell to GB, France, and Russia |
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Atlantic Charter |
Churchill and FDR created in 1941 to agree with economic cooperation FDR said US will support but not be part of war unless attacked |
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Germany attacks US |
Fall 1941 German U-Boat fired torpedoes at USS Greer - FDR said must go to war, congress isn't about it German U-boat torpedoed Kearny, another US boat, again congress not about it U-boat sinks Reuben James - congress revised neutrality acts to sell weapons |
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Liberal democracy v. Fascism/authoritarianism |
Liberal: U.S., England, France - believed in fundamental human rights, democratic form of gov. Fascism: Japan, Germany, Italy - tramped on human rights if they violated what states wanted. Authoritarian regimes backed by military. |
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Tripartied Pact |
September 1940 Germany, Italy, Japan signed -FDR signed Embargo Act - no more oil (aviation fuel) to the enemy -Japan knew oil gage was decreasing, had to do something, attacked all over -US ended all trade with Japan in summer 1941 |
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Pearl Harbor |
December 7th, 1941 360 Japanese planes flew outside Pearl Harbor (US military base, Hawaii) 8 US battleships and 180 airplanes destroyed 2500 US soldiers died 50/50 senators voted to go to war with Japan (&Germany, Italy) Churchill thrilled - US would save allies |
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Japanese Offensive |
1941-1942 Japan takes what it want, Southeast Asia U.S. doesn't take notice |
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Stalemate |
U.S. enters war, tries to find areas of Japan to attack that would weaken them - didn't win much |
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Allied Offensive |
Bulk of war fought on tiny islands in the pacific |
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American Firebombs |
Bombed Japan, burned everything |
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Bataan Death March |
April 1942 10,000 US and Philippine soldiers died Increased American hatred for Japanese. -sparks real fighting between US + Japan in June 1942. |
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Guadalcanal |
U.S attacks northern island Guadalcanal - small island with oil supplies and air fuel - contained airstrip -US marines unprepared for jungle warfare -took airstrip no problem - then met Japanese troops (fearless) -took 7 months to defeat Japanese on this island |
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Battle of Midway |
June 1942 Midway (US naval base between US and Japan) -Japanese wanted to destroy base after Pearl Harbor -Americans anticipated attack - destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carries (4 out of 6 total) -important moment - beginning of the end for Japanese war - put Japanese navy at unrecoverable disadvantage. |
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Four Freedoms by FDR |
1. Freedom of speech 2. Freedom of worship 3. Freedom from want 4. Freedom from fear |
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Alien Registration Act |
1940 made it unlawful to advocate the overthrowing of government by force or violence, or join any organization that did so. -vague enough to include whole ethnic groups -gov took almost 15,000 Japs, italians etc. and put in concentration camps -Conscientious rejection - had to be religious pacifists - put to work for non violent war help |
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Japanese Internment |
Japanese Americans didn't want to fight in the way, put into temporary camps, 110-120,000 people. Potential enemies - race is stronger than present context, stereotyped as sneaky, violent, bad |
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442nd Unit |
Soldiers taken from internment camps to fight for U.S. army - unprepared - 93% casualty rate |
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US apologizes for Internment Camps |
1988 US fed gov admitted they were wrong about Japanese internment and award $20,000 to surviving interns. |
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Propaganda |
1942 Radio/newspaper ads Uncle Sam's "We Want You" poster (office of war info) |
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War Production Board |
FDR established in 1942 Economy shifted from peacetime to wartime production Car companies made tanks etc. -created lots of jobs, huge role in ending the Great Depression |
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Growth of Economy during WWII |
$32billion - $52 billion corporations doubled profits wages/salaries increased 135% Planes were a big part of increased economy workers were women "Rosy the Riveter" US emerged wealthiest country out of WWII Gov didn't tax for war money - borrowed from other countries - huge national debt Universities worked with gov to make bombs/weapons/medicines |
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Executive Order 8802 |
Required employers in defense industry to make jobs available without discriminating race 1.5 million blacks moved from south to north to work in defense industry |
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Race Failures |
Less than half of Northerners believe in segregation in schools Race riots broke out during WWII -black soldiers in uniform were murdered made blacks question why they were fighting for US |
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Double V Campaign |
NAACP launched campaign Victory against fascism abroad, Victory against prejudice at home -correlates racism/segregation with Nazi Germany -successful - 10% joined NAACP |
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Battle of Stalingrad |
1942 -1943 Russia wanted US to help invade France since Germany took over, US said they would be ready in 1942, instead they invaded Italy and Africa - Stalin was furious. Russia involved in Battle of Stalingrad - turning point of war - Russia wins and starts pushing Germany back. |
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Peace talks |
US and Britain didn't invite Stalin to peace talks after Italy invasion - Stalin not happy. 3 allied leaders met in Iran to talk - Stalin said FDR and Churchill lied. Stalin and Churchill don't like each other |
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Operation Overlord |
FDR said it was time to enter war Attack France, defeat Germany, then Russia will help destroy Japan 1944 |
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D Day |
June 6, 1944 Battle of Normandy 200,000 troops attack France, caught Germans by surprise 9000 allied troops killed on 1st day 3 weeks - 425,000 casualties moved inland, liberating France + Belgium German troops fled eastward |
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Battle of Bulge |
German counter attack in December 1944 -allies eventually pushed Germans back -last battle for German army -GB and US came from East, Russia from West - Germany realized war was over |
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Operation Thunderclap |
aerial bombings of German industrial cities -Feb 3 1945 - attack on Berlin killed 25,000 civilians. targets weren't easy to hit |
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Germany surrenders |
Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders May 8th |
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Iwo Jima |
Feb 1945 fighting - objective: obtain mountain 68,000 Americans died, 2000 Japanese died beginning of the end for Japan |
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Battle of Okinawa |
Island battle in March 1945 killed lots of Japanese ground warfare became air warfare |
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Firebombing |
March-August 1945 US began bombing cities with firebombs May 23rd 1945 - Tokyo firestorm, 83,000 civilians died in one night Spring 1945 Jap army virtually destroyed Japanese school girls attached bombs to helium balloons to fly over Pacific ocean - landed on US Sunday school, killing 6 people |
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Atomic Bomb |
How to finish the war? Enola Gey dropped Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, 130,000 died instantly (Aug 6) 3 days later another bomb on Nagasaki (Aug 9) 5 days later Japan surrendered (Aug 15) |
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Other options instead of Atomic Bomb |
1. Invite media to inhabited island to drop bomb and show what US could do to Japan 2. blockade Japan + continue bombing 3. take up Russia's offer to help 4. Follow up on Japan's peace offerings Truman rejected these options - too long - dropping bomb is a display of strength |
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Decolonization |
Even though Japan lost - they got what they wanted - Asia for Asians Europeans left Asia Colonies get independence - decolonization |
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United Nations |
Established in 1945 to prevent war - peacekeeping run by USA, GB, Russia, and China -Security Council: USA, GB, Russia, China, France -General Assembly: all other countries Goal: to prevent war - veto powers UN had power to authorize war, League of Nations could fight |
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Yalta Conference |
1945 What would the world look like post-war? -GB wanted FR in UN, didn't want Soviet Union to have power -Russia wanted to make Germany pay, wanted control in East. Europe -US wanted UN, wanted China to be recognized power, wanted Russia to declare war against Japan |
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Results of Yalta Conference |
Stalin got E.Europe, set up Iron Curtain (divided Europe into two parts) Germany split into 4 zones, each country in charge of reconstructing. East becomes communist (Russia), west becomes democratic (GB + FR) Russia said they'd fight Japan - never did but wanted rewards |
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Outcome of WWII |
-Creation of Israel (1948) -Palestine was British colony - Jewish and Muslim wars over Jerusalem -After war, Israel recognized as a country and Jewish state bc Jews had to put up with so much during the war -Next day, Arabs attacked - been at war ever since |
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Truman's reasons for recognizing Israel |
1. Jews deserved a homeland 2. 1948 election - wanted Jewish vote 3. wanted another international ally 4. Jesus won't return to earth until temple is restored as Jewish temple |
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Cold War |
Communist/atheist (Russia) vs. Democratic/christian (America) Will colonies who gain independence become communist or democratic? War over ideologies Both countries want world dominance Production + maintenance of nuclear weapons both countries build such big bombs that everyone's scared to declare war |
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War Memory |
Choosing wat to remember and forgetting about WWII forget about: internment of japanese, racial treatment, how long it took to enter Remembering: fought by the brave to destroy the nazis, fought for democracy, most advanced weapons, US generated 1/2 world electricity, owned 2/3 gold. |
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Transition from Great Depression to Post-war |
1940 - 1/2 US lived below poverty, 14% unemployed 1945 - 1% unemployment, 20 million new jobs over next 20 years, middle class doubled, baby boom created War efforts created civil rights |
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U.S. economy |
-access to raw materials -access to foreign markets helped with economic prosperity |
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Domino Theory |
Part of Truman's speech, prominent theory from 1950's to 1980's that if one country fell to communism it would influence its surrounding countries to do the same. Truman says if US tips in now to help Greece + Turkey, it will protect the spread of communism, |
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Truman Doctrine |
1947 Truman's policy to stop soviet expansion If a country that is democratic but elects communist official then US will step in to tell them that's not a good idea. |
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Red Baiting |
If you call a political opponent communist, their political career was over |
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Red Scare/ McCarthyism |
Joseph McCarthy (Republican from Wisconsin) - leading anti-communist of the era -head of FBI for 42 years channeled peoples fears towards communism |
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J Edgar Hoover |
First director of the FBI |
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House of Un American Activities Committee |
(HUAAC)- created in 1938 Group formed by congress Investigated and interrogated people who were thought to be related to/took part in communist activities |
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Korean War |
1950 U.S and Russia split Korea in half after WWII N. Korea communist S. Korea democratic June 1950 - communist troops invaded S Korea US went to war to support containment -1.8 million US troops sent Instead of just pushing communist troops back into N Korea, Truman told soldiers to take over N Korea. China didn't approve, pushed US soldiers back into S Korea and took over Seoul (capital) Both sides signed agreement to leave country as is, divided |
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Consequence of Korean War
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1. Lead to massive build up of US armed forces and military spending (size of troops tripled) 2. US shouldn't fight a land war in Asia - expensive and high casualty rate |
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US paid to defeat Vietnam |
U.S paid french to help defeat communist, in Vietnam - didn't work. US sent money and training to S Vietnam to defeat N Vietnam |
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"New Look" |
Eisenhower said we need new look for military: 1. biggest and best atomic bombs 2. Air power prevent long, expensive, deadly wars |
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Mutually Assured Destruction |
War between US and Russia could mutually destroy the whole world. War would be stupid |
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Fidel Castro |
Fidel Castro wants Cuba to be Cuba again - communist! Castro drove out Batista (friends with US) US concerned about Castro - refused to give loans - Castro turned to Russia for loans, Russia agrees in order to have ally so close to Miami Castro took all US businesses in Cuba and nationalized them to make them Cuban Eisenhower broke off relations with Cuba |
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CIA involvement with Cuba |
US can't go to war with Cuba soEisenhower invited CIA to chat. CIA went to Miami and found Cuban exiles who didn't like Castro - trained + armed exiles to overthrow Castro JFK elected - back this plan! |
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Bay of Pigs |
April 17th 1961 - Cuban exiles landed in Cuba in Bay of Pigs -plan was for Cuban people in Bay to join them in pushing Castro out -Castro's forces met and destroyed exiles - humiliating to JFK JFK asks military to increase weapons in order to display strength - Russia does the same |
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Cuban Missile Crisis |
Fall 1962 CIA shows JFK all the missiles in Cuba JFK announced on TV military on high alert & US will turn back any Russian ship Next 7 days Russian and US diplomats negotiated - Russians agreed to remove missiles -crisis of mutually assured destruction |
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Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iran |
Iran and US had good relation bc of oil Iran realized US was making all the money - said enough, it's our oil! Mosaddegh nationalized all Iranian oil Mosaddegh was hostile towards Shah who was friendly toward US |
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CIA in Iran |
Eisenhower calls CIA into office 1952 to overthrow Mosaddegh Aug 1953 Iranian army officers paid for by CIA took Mosaddegh prisoner and restored Shah's power. US friendly leader in Iran - US companies make money. Problem: Shah was resented by Iranians because they didn't like US. Overthrew Shah and replace with anti-american regime still in place today |
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Ho Chi Minh |
Wanted Vietnam to be Vietnam, not french colony. 1945 declared independence from France and wants communism South Vietnam pro-western Minh creates colony in North, fights French, French not good fighters so US pays for war but doesn't fight. |
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Eisenhower's fear of domino effect |
1950's, believed domino effect would turn all of Asia into communists if N Vietnam becomes communist. 1954 US pays 75% of war. France says not worth it, signs agreement that N Vietnam is communist. US pays S.V to fight N.V CIA gets involved |
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Ngo Dinh Diem |
CIA friends with Diem in Saigon - incredibly corrupt ally. 1958 Diem doesn't allow election to take place for fear of democracy being run over |
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Vietcong |
Ho Chi Minh sends money to south Vietnam to build cells of people called Vietcong - people who are sympathetic to the North living in the South |
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JFK takes over |
JFK increased aid to S Vietnam - wanted to be a strong leader. Military leader, Maxwell, suggested going in with airstrike bombs. |
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Problems with Vietnam |
1. Vietcong (vietnamese communists) 2. South vietnamese army (ARBM) was a mess - corrupt generals, lack of communication etc. U.S sent 9000 US advisors and CIA to advise army 1963 leaders of S Vietnam armies murdered Diem, US ally. |
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November 22nd, 1963 |
JFK gave a speech saying to keep watch on Vietnam Shot in the head while leaving the parade by Lee Harvey Oswald, 2 days later Oswald shot by Ruby |
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Lyndon B Johnson |
Took over presidency White southern democrat and pro civil rights Couldn't come out strong civil rights activist so theme for the 1964 election became Great Society: end to poverty and racial injustice believed in domino theory |
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Gold of Tonkin |
August 1964, US naval ship in golf of Tonkin claimed they were fired upon by N Vietnam Johnson declared war against N.V |
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Reasons for declaring war |
Moral: communism Political: communism is bad Economic: protect capitalism/foreign markets Attack: naval ship |
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Ended where it began |
Fall 1964 Vietnamese said stop fighting and let N.V be N.V and S.V be S.V US said no! Exactly where the war ended in 1975 |
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Paris Peace Accords |
1973 Peace Treaty in Paris called for US troop removal and Vietnam two nations (N=communist, S=democratic) |
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End of Vietnam war |
1975 N Vietnam invaded South, unified country with communism Domino theory was wrong, Asia did not fall to communism Vietnam war was giant disaster - US was furious - sparked the culture of rebellion. |
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Youth Culture (New Left) |
Youth culture believed that American gov. not actually run by "the people", not a true democracy Urge for liberation - Native americans, gays, lesbians, african americas, women.. liberation from injustice. Hippies wanted liberation from boring day to day life. 1970 - half of population was under 30. |
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Students for Democratic Society |
Formed in the 60'sto talk about societal frustrations. |
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Port Curon statement |
1962 included criticism of: undemocratic government, arms race, wars. human degradation of racial injustice cold war, threat of bombs Civil rights and cold war were the big wrongs that SDS were against. Protested against Vietnam war. |
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Scott Camil |
UF student in the marines. Fought in Vietnam 1965-1969. Reenrolled at UF, got involved in anti-war protests - believed war was immoral Became visible protestor - watched by the FBI lead by Herbert Hoover. FBI shot Camil at college party, he survived. Believe it would have been more moral to kill a couple congressmen than all the innocent vietnamese. |
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Winters Soldiers Investigation |
Vietnam soldiers testified what had happened to persuade congress to stop war |
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Woodstock, 1969 |
Music in the 60's gave vent to a lot of anger Jimi Hendrix played at Woodstock (festival with 1/2 million people: hippies, anti-war protestors) Played star spangled banner in a rocky way, very different from original, to illustrate air of rage. |
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The Black Freedom Struggle |
Hypocritical that blacks would fight for the US then return home and be forced to the back of the bus. NAACP increased tenfold during WWII Army made up of 16% blacks |
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Executive Order 9981 |
1948 Harry Truman, democratic president, created a committee for civil rights (1946) and said all citizens should have equal access. Executive Order 9981 ordered armed forces to desegregate. Forbade segregated army. |
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Solid South |
South only voted for Democrats 1865 - 1965 with exception of: 1928 - split on issue of prohibition 1948 - southerners didn't like desegregated army Democratic party fell apart as some became more interested in racial equality. |
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Dixiecrats |
Formed in 1948 in response to Truman's executive order. Lead by Strom Thurmond State's rights democrat -fought against integration -opposed elimination of segregation -angry at federal gov. |
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1948 Election |
Democrats v. Republicans v. Dixiecrats Dixiecrats lost terribly Dixiecrats ended solid south because they were no longer loyal to Democrats - uncomfortable with direction of the party |
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Brown V Board of Education |
NAACP strategy - undo judicial segregation by taking suits to court - Thurgood Marshall, attorney of NAACP: 1954 Earl Warren declared segregation on the basis of separate but equal is unconstitutional - unanimous decisions "implement with all deliberate speed" Not Pres. Eisenhower's job to implement new law - who's responsible? Fed or state gov? |
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Massive Resistance |
White southerners reaction -changed state flags - SC added confederate flag -1956 - southern states must stand against integrated schools -Virginia blocked funds to schools if they integrated -Over 3500 private schools (white only) opened in south between 1954 - 1960 |
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Little Rock, Arkansaw |
September 1957 Central High school to integrate Governor of Arkansaw said this could not happen - the 9 black kids could not go - sent National Guard to prevent them from entering -kids walked into school - filmed live on TV - stones thrown at them American became sympathetic, Eisenhower forced to do something - sent army to Little Rock 1961 - only 6% of black students went to integrated schools - 7 years after Brown v. Board |
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JFK |
Ran for president in 1960 good looking, came from linear of politicians, from Boston, part of elite group of brokers, catholic (people freaked out - against prohibition) Needed southern vote bc democrat, knew he wouldn't be elected if he announced he was for civil rights Announced he would stop communism and poverty |
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June 11th, 1963 |
1. Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, stood outside Uni of Alabama: "segregation today, tomorrow, forever" - refused to let blacks into school 2. JFK made speech on TV to address civil rights issue - called congress to pass civil rights bill for equal access to schools, transportation 3. Medgar Evers, civil rights activist and veteran, watched JFK's speech and agreed, shot dead getting out of his car. Shooter found not guilty until case reopened in 1944. |
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LBJ |
LBJ and congress passed: Medicare, Medicaid Environment protection agency Consumer protection agency |
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Election of 1964 |
Goldwater V LBJ Goldwater: pro military, opposed Great Society and gov involvement with civil rights White southerners switched allegiance to support Republican party bc they were against civil rights (ended solid south) LBJ won 61% of pop. vote - biggest ever so far - begins to push civil rights forward |
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Sit-Ins |
February 1960, Greensboro Blacks sit at lunch counter in Woolworths, NC. Peace protest, sparked 31 cities to do sit-ins. White mobs burned protestors, beat, spat, threw rocks, blacks tried to turn the other cheek (MLK idea) |
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Freedom Rides |
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1961organized integrated bus rides to start in integrated town and drive through segregated south Washington to New Orleans - stopped in Alabama, met with violence, bus bombed, activists beaten. Stopped in Jackson, Mississippi, and arrested. |
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SNCC |
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee gave voice to blacks in civil rights movement 1960 |
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Martin Luther King |
April 1963, launched campaign in Birmingham to integrate public facilities Eugene Bull responded violently |
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March on Washington |
August 1963 "I have a dream" speech One month later, bomb killed 4 sunday school kids at 16th St Baptist church (place of civil rights activism) |
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Freedom Summer |
Summer of 1964 Voting registration drive - only 1200 Mississippi's registered |
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Bloody Sunday |
March 1965, march from Selma to Montgomery Met with huge violence |
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Civil Rights Act 1964 |
LBJ build coalition to push law through Reiterated 14th amendment and guaranteed access to education, accommodation, jobs, etc |
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Voting Rights Act 1965 |
Enforced 15th amendment Removed any obstacles preventing the right to vote (literacy tests, poll taxes etc) Made possible by grass root efforts |
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Richard Nixon |
President 1973, said "the time has passed where every other nations problem is the U.S's" -Vietnam war coming to an end -False promise Believe in self-determination |
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Chile |
US associated Chile as threat to US interest Salvador Allende elect in 1972 - CIA lead a cue of Chilean military to kill Allende, replaced by Augusto Pinochet |
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Iran
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US supported Iran and sent missiles, tanks, guns in 1972. Supported Shah Pahlavi - Iranians didn't, overthrew and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini Fall 1979 - Pahlavi comes to US - 3 weeks later crowd breaks into Iranian embassy and demands that Shah returns and put on trial. Jimmy Carter froze oil trade with Iran, sent military to free hostages (failed) |
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Ronald Reagan |
Elected 1980 bc Americans furious at Carter for letting this happen, hostages still held after 13 months. Reagan increased military, hostages released. - led to increased terrorism |
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Nicaragua |
Elected communist style gov - Sandinistas Reagan wanted them gone - funded opposition (Contras) who wanted to overthrow gov. Americans didn't want to be involved Reagan violated laws and supplied money, weapons, and CIA - Sandinistas lost support, Contras won |
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Iran-Contra affair |
1985 CIA secretly sold weapons to Iran (even though US supported Iraq in Iran/Iraq war) In return Iran released 7 US hostages money went through swiss bank then to Nicaragua Reagan approved on plan - secret plan surfaced 1986 - faced serious charges bc violated congress and negotiated with terrorists 7 leaders went to jail |
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Fall of Communism |
Cold War came to an end in 1991, Russia not communist anymore Berlin wall came down No more communism but still military intervention |
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Sadam Hussain |
1991 leader of Iraq attacked Kuwait for their oil because Iraq had huge debt after war. Hussain wanted more - went to Saudi Arabia George Bush said Kuwait had right to not be overthrown - assembled 30 countries to fight Iraq (Operation Desert Storm) US sent 400,000 troops to Saudi Arabia to meet Iraq soldiers Jan 17, 1991: bombing and airstrikes, Feb: ground fighting. 4 days later Iraq surrendered |
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Iraq war support |
Americans supported the Iraq war in contrast to the Vietnam war because only 270 US soldiers died. |
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Moral reasons aren't enough |
Somalian war in Africa, stood by when Rwanda withdrew from fighting, stood by when Rwanda had civil war and 500,000 people died. |
