2016S1 Pd Practice Questions

Front 1

What are two formal names for green plants?

Back 1

Viridiplantae or Chlorobionta

Front 2

What are apomorphies for the green plants?

Back 2

1) Cellulosic cell wall - cellulose is secreted outside the cell wall in fiber-like units called microfibrils. This makes a supportive network/cellular exoskeleton.

2) Chloroplasts - chlorophyll B is an accessory pigment for light capture. chlorophyll A are in thlakoids, stacked in grana.

3) Oogamy - sexual reproduction in which the egg becomes larger and is fertilised by the sperm.

Front 3

The bulk of the primary cell wall of green plants is composed of what substance? (Give the common name and chemical name).

Back 3

Most plant cell walls are made from cellulose. The common name is cellulosic cell wall and the chemical name is (=b-1,4-glucopyranoside).

Front 4

Is the cell wall synthesised inside or outside the plasma membrane?

Back 4

The cellulose is secreted outside the plant cells and forms the cell wall outside the plasma membrane.

Front 5

What are the unique features of green plant chloroplasts?

Back 5

Chloroplasts in viridiplantae differ from other organisms (containing chlorophyll B only). Viriplantae also contain chlorophyll A, which are stored in thylakoids, which are stacked in grana.

Front 6

How are chloroplasts thought to have originated?

Back 6

Modern chloroplasts are modified from those evolved in endosymbiosis, where the eukaryote consumes prokaryotes, and the prokaryotes live in intracellular cohabitation.

Front 7

What is the haplontic life cycle?

Back 7

The haplontic lifecycle is a primitive one plants used before they evolved oogamy.

1) The fertilisation occurs by union of two gametes, resulting in a diploid.

2) This new diploid undergoes meiosis and splits into four spores.

3) The spores germinate and develop a new haploid individual.

Front 8

What is oogamy?

Back 8

Oogamy is similar to the haploid cycle.

1) Instead the plant creates an egg and sperm which fertilise into a diploid

2) the diploid undergoes meiosis and splits into four spores

3) the four spores develop into a new plant

Front 9

Describe and give the function of plasmodesmata.

Back 9

Plasmodesmata are the pores in the cell wall which allow for transfer of compounds between cells. It may regulate growth-mediating compounds and other important functions.

Front 10

What is the formal name of land plants?

Back 10

The formal name of land plants is Embryophyta.

Front 11

Name the major apomorphies of land plants.

Back 11

1) The evolution of the embryo and the sporophyte. The sporophyte is a separate diploid phase in the life cycle. The corresponding haploid cycle is the gametophyte.

2) Evolution of the cutin and the cuticle. The cuticle is a protective layer secreted to the outside of the cells of the epidermus (bark). Mechanical protection and stops water loss. The cuticle consists of a layer of cutin, functions as a sealant and prevents water loss.

3) Evolution of the parenchyma tissue. Plants grow by rapid cell division at the tips of the stem. This region is the apical meristem. A single apical cell leads it.

Region formed by the apical meristem is the parenchyma, consiting of cells that elongate, continue cell division and may differentiate into other cell types.

4) Correlated with the parenchyma may've been the evolution of the middle lamella. A pectic rich layer developping between cell walls of adjacent cells. A binding agent.

5) Evolution of antheridium. A type of specialised gametangium. Sperm producing cells are surrounded by a jacket of sterile cells.

6) Evolution of archegonium, specialised female gametangium. Consists of a jacket of sterile cells called the venter, surrounding the egg.

Front 12

Draw and label the basic haplodiplontic life cycle (alteration of generations) of all land plants.

Back 12

1) An embryo is created by fertilisation of egg and sperm

2) An embryo grows into a sporophyte body, which creates a sporocyte.

3) Each sporocyte creates four spores.

4) The spores grow into a gametophyte body, which then restarts the cycle by producing eggs and sperm.

Front 13

What is an embryo?

Back 13

An embryo is a fertilised egg. An embryo is considered an immature sporophyte body.

Front 14

What is a sporangium?

Back 14

1) The sporangium is the spore producing region of the sporophyte. It is enveloped by a sporangial wall which is a jacket of sterile cells. 2) The sporangium contains sporogenous tissue, which producing sporocytes that produce four spores.

Front 15

Name the possible adaptive features of a sporophyte.

Back 15

The adaptive value of a sporophyte is associated with its diploidity. It has two copies of each gene, which can increase fitness in two ways:

1) potentially preventing the expression of deleterious alleles

2) permitting increased genetic variability in the sporophyte generation, upon which natural selection acts, increasing the potential for evolutionary change.

Front 16

What are the cutin and cuticle and what are their adaptive significance?

Back 16

The cuticle is a protective layer that is secreted to the outside of cells of the epidermus (bark). The cuticle consists of the cutin, which acts as a sealant to preserve water.

The adaptive advantage of the cutin and cuticle is the prevention of drying of the plant outside the cuticle. As such, plants with a thick cuticle are adapted to dry environments to inhibit water loss.

Front 17

Define apical growth and parenchyma.

Back 17

Plant stems undergo rapid cell division near the tips. This area is the apical meristem. All cells formed by the apical meristem form the parenchyma tissue, which are undifferentiated cells which can undergo cell division, have cell walls and living at maturity.

The cells in the parenchyma also may become specialised into other cell types.

Front 18

In land plants what is the name of the pectic-rich layer between adjacent cell walls that functions to bind them together?

Back 18

The layer between cell walls is called the middle lamella. It acts as a binding agent, holding adjacent cells together.

Front 19

What is the archegonium?

Back 19

A specialised female gametangium. It consists of an outer layer of sterile cells, called the venter which immediately surround the egg, plus others that extend outward as a tube-like neck.

Above the egg is the ventral canal cell, and above this is the neck canal cells.

The neck canal cells may potentially draw water and sperm to the egg.

The archegonium also serves as a site for early embryo development.

Front 20

What is the antheridium?

Back 20

A type of specialised gametangium that contains sperm-producing cells. These cells are surrounded by a layer of sterile cells, the antheridial wall. It is likely this wall was evolved to stop mechanical stress and from being dried out.

Sperm is released from the antheridium, and must use water to swim to the egg. A wet environment is necessary for fertilisation, a vestige of their aquatic ancestry.

Front 21

What is the formal name of liverworts?

Back 21

Liverworts are also called Hepaticae.

Front 22

What are two apomorphies of liverworts?

Back 22

1) Liverworts have distinctive oil bodies, and;

2) specialised structures called elaters, elongate, nonsporogenus cells with wall thickenings found inside the sporangium.

Front 23

What are the function of elators?

Back 23

Elators are hydroscopic, meaning they change shape and move in response to changes in moisture content.

Elators function in spore disperal, as the sporangium dries out, the elaters twist out of the capsule carrying the spores with them.

Front 24

What are the two major morphological forms of liverworts? Which is likely ancestral?

Back 24

Two basic morphological forms of liverworts:

Thalloid and leafy.

1) Thalloid liverworts consist of a thallus, a flattened mass of tissue and is likely the ancestral form. There are spores on the upper thallus allowing gas exchange (not stomata)

2) Leafy liverworts have gametophytes consisting of a stem axis bearing three rows of thin leaves. The stem is prostrate and leaves are modified such that each row of leaves is smaller than the one below.

Front 25

What are gemmae and gemma cups?

Back 25

On the upper surface of thalloid liverworts are specialised structures called gemma cups which contain propagules called gemmae.

They function in vegetative (asexual) reproduction, when a droplet of water falls into a gemma cup, the gemmae themselves may be dispersed some distance away, growing into a haploid genetic clone of the parent.

Front 26

Describe the morphology of the leaves of leafy liverworts.

Back 26

In leafy liverworts, the stem is prostrate and the leaves are in such a way that each row of leaves are smaller than the row below them. These types are more erect.

On others, the rows get bigger as they go up the step, thus making the stem curved.

Front 27

What is the antheridiophore? An archegoniophore?

Back 27

All early diverging plant lineages have antheridia and archegonia. In some liverwort taxa, the gametophyte are called antheridiophores, bearing antheridia, and archegoniophores bearing archegonia.

Sperm released from an antheridium swims in a film of water to the archegonia.

Front 28

Describe the structural makeup and function of a stomate.

Back 28

Stomates are specialised epidermal cells generally found on leaves, and maybe on stems.

Stomata consists of two chloroplast containing cells, the guard-cells, which changes in pressure and increase or decrease the size of the opening between them, the stoma.

Each guard cell has a ridge-like structure on the side facing the stoma. It is water resistant and is used to better seal the stoma.

Front 29

What land plant groups possess stomates?

Back 29

Mosses, hornworts and vascular plants have stomates.

Front 30

What apomorphies may be shared by the mosses, hornworts and vascular plants?

Back 30

Apomorphies shared by mosses, hornworts and vascular plants are:

1) Stomates

2) Aerial sporophyte axis

Front 31

What is the formal name of mosses?

Back 31

The formal name of mosses are Musci

Front 32

Name major apomorphies shared by mosses alone.

Back 32

An autapomorphy is an apomorhy shared by only one taxon.

The mosses autapomorphies are:

1) Hydroids - specialised water-conductive cells

2) Leptoids - Function in sugar conduction

these likely evolved independently of vascular tissue

3) Perine Layer - the spores of mosses have an outter layer (perine layer). It functions to prevent access desiccation and added mechanical protection.

Front 33

What is a calyptra, stipe, operculum, peristome tooth?

Back 33

1) calyptra - after fertilisation, the sporophyte grows upward, bringing the apical portion of the archegonium with it. This is the calyptra, and functions to protect the young sporophyte apex.

2) stipe - the sporophyte generally develops a long stalk (stipe), and at the apex is a sporangium.

3) operculum - at the time of spore release, a lid (operculum) falls off the sporangium

4) peristome teeth - when the operculum falls off, it reveales the persistome teeth, and as it dries up, it releases the spores.

Front 34

What is the scientific name of peat moss?

Back 34

The scientific name of peat moss is Sphagnum

Front 35

What feature of the leaf anatomy of peat moss enables the leaves to absorb and retain water?

Back 35

The peat moss forms hyaline cells which have pores. These pores give the hyaline cells water absorption properties.

Front 36

How is peat moss of economic importance?

Back 36

Peat is fossilised and partially decomposed. It can be mined for use in potting mixtures and is an important fuel source.

Front 37

What is the formal name of hornworts?

Back 37

The formal name of hornworts is Anthocerotae.

Front 38

Describe the major features of hornworts, citing how they differ from the liverworts and mosses.

Back 38

1) Hornworts differ from liverworts in how they pack pores.

2) All hornworts have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria which live inside the thallus.

Front 39

What feature of the sporophyte might unite the hornworts with the vascular plants?

Back 39

Hornworts may also have a symbiotic association between the gametophytes and a fungus, similar to the mycorrhizal relationship with the roots of vascular plants.

Front 40

What is the function of pseudo-elators, and how do they differ structurally from the elaters of liverworts?

Back 40

An apomorphy of hornworts is the central column of sterile columella, and the production of specialised structures in the sporangium called pseudo-elaters.

Pseudo-elaters are groups of cohering, nonsporogenous, elongate, hydroscopic cells and have a similar function to elaters in liverworts.

Front 41

What apomorphy links the Pan-Tracheophyta/polysporangiophytes with the vascular plants?

Back 41

This groupis inclusive of true vascular plants, and a few extinct fossilised basal.

The first evolved polysporangiophytes were similar to hornworts, liverworts and mosses in lacking vascular tissue.

However they are like vascular plants in having branched stems with multiple sporangia.

Front 42

The most direct ancestor of land plants is:

Back 42

Green algae

Front 43

First land plants grow low to the ground because:

Back 43

they lacked the structure to stand erect

Front 44

spores and seeds have the same function, but they are vastly different because:

Back 44

spores are unicellular, seeds are not

Front 45

retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants allows it to:

Back 45

be nourished by the parent plant

Front 46

which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to land plants?

Back 46

charophytes

(charophytes include the embryophytes and bryophytes)

Front 47

What was likely the factor that permitted early plants to colonise land?

Back 47

The relative number of symbiotic partners

Front 48

Besides vascular tissue, what do all bryophytes have in common?

Back 48

They require water for reproduction

Front 49

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply?

Back 49

They can easily lose water to, and take water from the atmosphere.

(Cuticles are what hold water in a plant)

Front 50

In the life cycle of mosses, what are the antheridia and archegonia produced by?

Back 50

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by the gametophytes

Front 51

At some time in their life cycle, do bryophytes make sporangia?

Back 51

Yes, bryophytes do make sporangia

Front 52

Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg and are the same for some of their algal ancestors?

A) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop

B) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs

C) Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs.

D) Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells.

Back 52

A) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop

Front 53

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

A) loss of structures that produce spores

B) Sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves

C) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesising cells

D) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Back 53

D) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Front 54

Stomata ___________.

A) Occur in all land plants and are the same as pores

B) Occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group

C) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

D) open to increase both water absorbtion and gas exchange

Back 54

C) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

Front 55

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

A) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.

B) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte

C) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue

D) In both groups, sperm swim from anteridia to archegonia

Back 55

D) In both groups, sperm swim from anteridia to archegonia

Front 56

Archegonia ______________.

A) May contain sporophyte embryos

B) Have the same function as sporangia

C) Are the sites where male and gametes are produces

D) make asexual reproductive structure

Back 56

A) May contain sporophyte embryos

Front 57

According to the fossil record, plants colonised terrestrial habitats ___________.

A) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans

B) only about 150 million years ago

C) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

D) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them

Back 57

C) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Front 58

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rainforest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_____________.

A) ferns

B) mosses

C) flowering plants

D) gymnosperms

Back 58

A) ferns

Front 59

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
A) the trend toward larger gametophytes

B) the trend toward smaller size

C) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle

D) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Back 59

D) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle