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436 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Methotrexate
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Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
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5-fluorouracil
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Inhibits thymidylate synthase.
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6-mercaptopurine (azathioprine)
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Activated by HGPRTase, decreases de novo purine synthesis.
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6-thioguanine
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Activated by HGPRTase, decreases de novo purine synthesis.
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Cytarabine
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Pyrimidine antagonist; inhibits DNA polymerase.
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Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)
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Intercalates in DNA.
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Doxorubicin, daunorubicin (adriamycin)
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Generates free radicals; noncovalently intercalases in DNA. Inhibits topoisomerase II.
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Bleomycin
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G2 phase specific. Induces formation of free radicals resulting in DNA strand breaks.
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Etoposide (VP-16), teniposide
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Late S to G2 phase specific. Inhibits topoisomerase II.
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Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
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Covalently X-link (interstrand) DNA at guanine N-7. Requires bioactivation by liver.
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Nitrosureas (carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin)
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Prodrug, crosses BBB into CNS.
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Busulfan
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Alkylates DNA.
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Vincristine, vinblastine
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Destabilize microtubules in M-phase.
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Paclitaxel
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Hyperstabilize microtubules in M-phase.
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Cisplatin, carboplatin
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Alkylating agent; cross-links DNA.
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Hydroxyurea
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Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase (decreasing DNA synthesis; S-phase).
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Prednisone
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Induces apoptosis.
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Tamoxifen, raloxifene
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SERMs- receptor antagonists in breast, agonists in bone; block the binding of estrogen to estrogen receptor-positive cells.
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Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
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Monoclonal antibody against HER-2 (erb-B2). Helps kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2, possibly through antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
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Imatinib (Gleevec)
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Philadelphia chromosome bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
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Topotecan, irinotecan
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Inhibits topisomerase I.
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Procarbazine
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Alkylating agent; cross-links DNA. MAOI.
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Rituximab
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Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody.
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Aspirin
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Acetylates and irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2. Blocks TXA2 and prostaglandin synthesis. Increased bleeding time. No effect on PT, PTT.
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Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac, sulendac
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Reversible COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor. Block prostaglandin and TXA2 synthesis.
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Celecoxib
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Reversible COX2 inhibitor.
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Acetaminophen
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Reversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase in CNS. INACTIVATED peripherally.
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Bisphosphonate
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Inhibit osteoclastic activity; reduce both formation and resorption of hydroxyapatite. Structural analog of pyrophosphate.
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Colchicine
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Binds and stabilizes tubulin to inhibit polymerization, impairing leukocyte chemotaxis and degranulation (decreases LTB4).
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Probenecid
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Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT (also inhibits secretion of penicillin).
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Allopurinol
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Inhibits xanthine oxidase, decreasing conversion of xanthine to uric acid.
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Etanercept
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Recombinant form of human TNF receptor that binds TNF
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Infliximab
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Anti-TNF antibody
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Adalimumab
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Anti-TNF receptor antibody
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Hydroxychloroquine
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Stabilizes lysosomes and decreases chemotaxis
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Sulfasalazine
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Sylfapyridine decreases B-cell function; 5-ASA inhibits COX 1 and 2.
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Anakinra
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IL-1 receptor antagonist
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Febuxostat
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Inhibits xanthine oxidase.
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Teriparatide
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PTH agonist use in pulsatile form to stimulate osteoblast activity and promote bone deposition.
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Methylphenidate
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Increase presynaptic norepinephrine release.
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Haloperidol
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High potency typical antipsychotic. D2 antagonist; inhibits G(i) thus increases cAMP.
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Trifluoperazine
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High potency typical antipsychotic. D2 antagonist; inhibits G(i) thus increases cAMP.
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Fluphenazine
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High potency typical antipsychotic. D2 antagonist; inhibits G(i) thus increases cAMP.
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Thioridazine
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Low potency typical antipsychotic. D2 antagonist; inhibits G(i) thus increases cAMP.
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Chlorpromazine
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Low potency typical antipsychotic. D2 antagonist; inhibits G(i) thus increases cAMP.
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Olanzapine
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Clozapine
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Quetiapine
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Risperidone
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Aripiprazole
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Ziprasidone
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Atypical antipsychotic. 5-HT2, alpha, H1, and D2 antagonist. Inhibits G(i) and increases cAMP.
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Lithium
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Inhibits phosphoinositol cascade.
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Buspirone
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Stimulates 5-HT1A receptors.
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Imipramine
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Amitriptyline
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Despiramine
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Nortriptyline
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Clomipramine
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Doxepin
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Amoxapine
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TCA; blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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Fluoxetine
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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.
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Paroxetine
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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.
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Sertraline
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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.
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Citalopram
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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.
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Venlafaxine
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SNRIs; inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
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Duloxetine
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SNRIs; inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Stronger NE effect than venlafaxine.
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Phenelzine
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Non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
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Tranylcypromine
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Non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
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Isocarboxazid
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Non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
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Bupropion
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Increases dopamine and norepinephrine release.
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Mirtazapine
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alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist (increases release of NE and 5-HT) and potent 5-HT2/3 antagonist.
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Maprotiline
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Inhibits norepinephrine reuptake.
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Trazodone
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Inhibits serotonin reputake.
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Modafinil
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Stimulates orexins; increases dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin levels.
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Disulfiram
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Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; causes buildup of toxic acetylaldehyde.
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Varenicline
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Nicotinic receptor partial agonist.
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Naloxone
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Opioid antagonist.
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Naltrexone
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Opioid antagonist.
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Flumazenil
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BDZ antagonist.
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Cyproheptadine
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5-HT2 antagonist.
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Morphine
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Fentanyl
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Codeine
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Heroin
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Methadone
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Long lasting opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Meperidine (demerol)
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Dextromethorphan
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Loperamide, diphenoxylate
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Opioid agonist. Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels; decreases synpatic transmission thus decreasing release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P.
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Butorphanol
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Partial agonsit at opioid mu receptors; agonist at kappa receptors.
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Tramadol
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Very weak opioid agonist; inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
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Carbamazepine
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Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channel activation (doesn't block pores).
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Ethoxumide
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Inhibits thalamic T-type calcium channels.
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Barbituates
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GABA(A) agonist that increases DURATION of Cl- channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
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Phenytoin
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Use-dependent blockade of voltage-gated Na+ channels; increases refractory period; inhibition of glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neuron.
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Valproic acid
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Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channel activation, increases GABA concentration, inactivates T-type calcium channels.
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Lamotrigine, felbamate
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Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and glutamate receptors.
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Gabapentin
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GABA analog; inhibits HVA calcium channels.
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Toprimate
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Blocks sodium channels and increases GABA action.
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Benzodiazepines (-epam, -olam)
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GABA(A) agonist that increases FREQUENCY of Cl- channle opening; decreases REM sleep.
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Tiagabine
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Inhibits GABA reuptake.
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Vigabatrin
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Irreversible inhibits GABA transaminase; increases GABA levels.
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Levetiracetam
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Modulates GABA and glutamate release.
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Halothane
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Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand).
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Enflurane
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Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand).
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Isoflurane
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Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand).
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Sevoflurane
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Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand).
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Methoxyflurane
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Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increase cerebral blood flow (decrease cerebral metabolic demand).
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Nitrous oxide
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N/a
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Ketamine (arylcyclohexylamines)
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NMDA antagonist; PCP analog.
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Propofol
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Potentiates GABA(A).
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Procaine, cocaine, tetracaine
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Ester anesthetic. Block voltage gated sodium channels by stabilizng inactive form; selectively targets more rapidly firing neurons.
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Lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine
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Amide anesthetic.
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Succinylcholine
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Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR).
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Tubocurarine
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Atracurium
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Mivacurium
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Pancuronium
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Vecuronium
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Rocuronium
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Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (NAChR). Competitive NAChR antagonist.
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Dantrolene
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Prevents Ca2+ release from SER by antagonizing the ryanodine receptor.
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Bromocriptine
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Dopamine agonist.
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Pergolide
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Dopamine agonist.
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Pramipexole
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Dopamine agonist.
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Ropinirole
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Dopamine D2 agonist.
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Amantadine
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Dopamine agonist.
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L-dopa/carbidopa
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Dopamine agonist (L-DOPA); inhibits DOPA decarboxylase peripherally (carbidopa)
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Selegiline
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Selective MAO B inhibitor. Decreases dopamine metabolism.
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Entacapone
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Peirpheral COMT inhibitor. Decreases dopamine metabolism.
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Tolcapone
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Peripheral and central COMT inhibitor. Decreases dopamine metabolism.
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Benztropine
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Anticholinergic.
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Memantine
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NMDA receptor antagonist.
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Donepezil
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Galantamine
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Rivastigmine
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Resperine + tetrabenzine
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Amine depleting; lowers dopamine levels.
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Sumatriptan
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5-HT1B/1D agonist; causes vasoconstriction, inhibition of trigeminal activation and CGRP release.
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Ergotamine
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5-HT1 agonist
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Fomepizole
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Competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.
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Ramelteon
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Melatonin agonist.
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Baclofen
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GABA(B) agonist (K+ efflux)
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Zolpidem
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BDZ1 agonist on GABA(A) receptors.
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Zaleplon
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BDZ1 agonist on GABA(A) receptors.
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Eszopiclone
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BDZ1 agonist on GABA(A) receptors.
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Cyclobenzaprine
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Activates locus ceruleus; increases norepinephrine release and inhibits alpha-motor neurons.
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Latanoprost
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PGF2-alpha. Increases outflow of aqueous humor.
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Acetazolamide
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Decreases aqueous humor secretion due to decrease in HCO3.
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Pilocarpine, carabachol
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Direct cholinergic agonists. Increases outflow fo aqueous humor; contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork; use pilocarpine in emergencies; ery effect at opening canal of Schlemm.
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Physostigmine, echothiophate
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Indirect cholinergic agonists; acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Increases outflow fo aqueous humor; contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork.
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Timolol, betaxolol, carteolol
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Beta-blocker; decreases aqueous humor secretion by acting on the ciliary epithelium.
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Epinephrine
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Alpha/beta agonist; decreases aqueous humor synthesis due to vasoconstriction.
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Brimonidine
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Alpha-agonist; decreases aqueous humor synthesis.
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Primidone
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Precursor to phenobarbital; anticonvulsant that acts via inhibition of voltage gated sodium channels.
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Pentazocine
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Partial mu agonist.
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Methysergide
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Serotonin agonist.
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Riluzole
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Blocks TTX sensitive sodium channels.
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Acamprosate
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NMDA antagonists; GABA agaonists
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Tacrine
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Bethanechol
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Cholinergic agonist.
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Carbachol
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Cholinergic agonist.
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Pilocarpine
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Cholinergic agonist.
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Methacholine
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Cholinergic agonist.
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Neostigmine
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Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Pyridostigmine
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Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Edrophonium
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Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Physostigmine
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Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Echothiophate
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Irreverisble acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Pralidoxime
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Removes the organophosphate from acetylcholinesterase by dephosphorylation; "regenerates" by allowing breadown of ACh at the synapse.
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Atropine
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Muscarinic antagonist. Produces mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreases bronchosecretion, decreases acid secretion, decreases GI motility, decreases urinary urgency.
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Homatropine
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Muscarinic antagonist. Produces mydriasis and cycloplegia.
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Tropicamide
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Muscarinic antagonist. Produces mydriasis and cycloplegia.
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Benztropine
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Scopolamine
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Ipratropium
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Oxybutynin
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Glycopyrrolate
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Methscopolamine
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Pirenzepine
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Propantheline
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Muscarinic antagonist.
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Hexamethonium
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Nicotinic antagonist.
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Epinephrine
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Alpha/beta adrenergic agonist.
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Norepinephrine
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Alpha 1/2 and beta 1 adrenergic agonist.
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Isoproterenol
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Beta 1 and 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Dopamine
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Dopamine agonist at low doses. Beta agonist at medium doses. Alpha agonist at high doses.
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Dobutamine
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Beta 1 adrenergic agonist.
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Phenylephrine
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Alpha 1 > alpha 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Metaproterenol
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Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Albuterol
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Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Salmeterol
|
Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Terbutaline
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Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Ritodrine
|
Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
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Amphetamine
|
Indirect general agonist, released stored catecholamines.
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Ephedrine
|
Indirect general agonist, releases stored catecholamines.
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Cocaine
|
Indirect general agonist, catecholamine reuptake inhibitor (like TCAs).
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Clonidine
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Centrally acting alpha 2 adrenergic agonist (decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease TPR and HR).
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α-methyldopa
|
Centrally acting alpha 2 adrenergic agonist (decrease sympathetic outflow, decrease TPR and HR).
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Phenoxybenzamine
|
Noncompetitive (irreversible) alpha 1 and 2 adrenergic antagonist. Will lower efficacy AND potency (down and right shift).
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Phentolamine
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Competitive (reversible) alpha 1 and 2 adrenergic antagonist. Will only lower potency (right shift, no down shift).
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Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
|
Alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist; vasodilates, venodilates, and decrease tone of the urinary sphincter.
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Mirtazapine
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TCA with alpha 2 selective antagonism.
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Acebutolol
|
Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist. Partial beta adrenergic agonist.
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Atenolol
|
Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist.
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Betaxolol
|
Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist.
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Esmolol
|
Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist.
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Atenolol
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Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist.
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Metoprolol
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Beta 1 selective adrenergic antagonist.
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Propranolol
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Nonselective beta adrenergic antagonist.
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Nadolol
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Nonselective beta adrenergic antagonist.
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Timolol
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Nonselective beta adrenergic antagonist. Acts on ciliary epithelium.
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Pindolol
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Nonselective beta adrenergic antagonist. Partial beta adrenergic agonist.
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Labetalol
|
Beta 1 and 2 and alpha adrenergic antagonist.
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Carvedilol
|
Beta 1 and 2 and alpha adrenergic antagonist.
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Reserpine
|
Inhibits VMAT, preventing incorporation of catecholamines into vesicles.
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Guanethidine
|
Binds NE vesicles and blocks release. Effect blocked by TCAs because they require the same reuptake receptor.
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Hemicholinium
|
Blocks choline reuptake at presynpatic neuron.
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Trihexyphenidyl
|
Muscarinic antagonist.
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Mecamylamine
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Nicotinic antagonist.
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Cyclosporine
|
Binds to cyclophilins. Complex blocks the differentiation and activation of T cells by inhibiting calcineurin, thus preventing the production of IL-2 and its receptor.
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Tacrolimus (FK506)
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Similar to cyclosporine; binds to FK-binding protein, inhibiting secretion of IL-2 and other cytokines.
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Sirolimus (rapamycin)
|
Inhibits mTOR. Inhibits T-cell proliferation in response to IL-2.
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Daclizumab
|
Monoclonal antibody with high affinity for the IL-2 receptor on activated T cells.
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Azathioprine
|
Antimetabolite precursor of 6-mercaptopurine that interferes with the m etabolism and synthesis of nucleic acids. Toxic to proliferating lymphocytes.
|
|
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Muromonab (OKT3)
|
Anti-CD3 antibody (epsilon) on T cell surface. Blocks cellular interaction with CD3 protein responsible for T-cell signal transduction.
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Aldesleukin
|
Recombinant IL-2,
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Filgrastim
|
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
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Sargramostim
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
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Oprelvekin
|
Recombinant IL-11.
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Thrombopoietin
|
Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF).
|
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Mycophenolate mofetil
|
Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which decreases de novo guanine synthesis and blocks lymphocyte production
|
|
|
Hydralazine
|
Direct acting arteriole dilator (increases cGMP). Decreases TPR (afterload).
|
|
|
Nifedipine, amlodipine
|
Inhibits L-type voltage gated calcium channels. Vasodilator (arteiroles). Low heart affinity.
|
|
|
Verapamil
|
Inhibits L-type voltage gated calcium channels. Decreases contractility, AV conduction velocity. Low artery affinity. Class IV antiarrhythmics (increase ERP, PR interval).
|
|
|
Diltiazem
|
Inhibits L-type voltage gated calcium channels. Decreases contractility, AV conduction velocity. Low artery affinity. Class IV antiarrhythmics (increase ERP, PR interval).
|
|
|
Nitroprusside
|
Vasodilation and venodilation (increases cGMP via direct release of nitrous oxide).
|
|
|
Fenoldopam
|
D1 receptor agonist; relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle. Artery vasodilator.
|
|
|
Diazoxide
|
Direct acting arteriole vasoldiator. ATP dependent K+ channel opener; hyperpolarizes and relaxes vascular smooth muscle.
|
|
|
Minoxidil
|
Direct acting arteriole vasoldiator. ATP dependent K+ channel opener; hyperpolarizes and relaxes vascular smooth muscle.
|
|
|
Nitroglycerin, isorbide dinitrate
|
Venodilation (increases cGMP, inducing dephosphorylation of myosin light chain). Has largest effect on large veins. Production of NO requires cystine on glutathione (GSH).
|
|
|
Lovastatin (-statin)
|
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (decrease mevalonate). Improves survival by inhibiting inflammation.
|
|
|
Niacin
|
Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue; reduces hepatic VLDL secretion into circulation.
|
|
|
Cholestyramine
|
Prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile acids; liver must consume cholesterol to make replenish lost bile.
|
|
|
Cholestipol
|
Prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile acids; liver must consume cholesterol to make replenish lost bile.
|
|
|
Colesevelam
|
Prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile acids; liver must consume cholesterol to make replenish lost bile.
|
|
|
Ezetimibe
|
Prevent cholesterol reabsorption at small intestine brush border.
|
|
|
Gemfibrozil
|
Induces LPL (via PPAR-alpha) leading to increased TG clearance).
|
|
|
Clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate (-fibrate)
|
Induces LPL (via PPAR-alpha) leading to increased TG clearance).
|
|
|
Digoxin
|
Inhibits Na/K-ATPase leading to increase intracellular sodium (hypersensitive neurons) and calcium (increased contractility). Predominately stimulates vagal tone (decrease AV conductivity, decrease HR).
|
|
|
Nesiritide
|
Recombinant B-type natriuertic peptide. Vasodilates (increases cGMP).
|
|
|
Quinidine
|
Class Ia antiarrhythmic. Inhibits OPEN voltage gated sodium channels. Inhibits voltaged gated potassium channels (increases QT interval, AP duration, and ERP).
|
|
|
Procainamide
|
Class Ia antiarrhythmic. Inhibits OPEN voltage gated sodium channels. Inhibits voltaged gated potassium channels (increases QT interval, AP duration, and ERP).
|
|
|
Disopyramide
|
Class Ia antiarrhythmic. Inhibits OPEN voltage gated sodium channels. Inhibits voltaged gated potassium channels (increases QT interval, AP duration, and ERP).
|
|
|
Phenytoin
|
Class Ib antiarrhythmic. Inhibits INACTIVE voltage gated sodium channels (targets ISCHEMIC tissue). Activates voltage gated potassium channels (shortens AP, ERP).
|
|
|
Lidocaine
|
Class Ib antiarrhythmic. Inhibits INACTIVE voltage gated sodium channels (targets ISCHEMIC tissue). Shortens AP, ERP.
|
|
|
Mexiletine
|
Class Ib antiarrhythmic. Inhibits INACTIVE voltage gated sodium channels (targets ISCHEMIC tissue). Shortens AP, ERP.
|
|
|
Tocainide
|
Class Ib antiarrhythmic. Inhibits INACTIVE voltage gated sodium channels (targets ISCHEMIC tissue). Shortens AP, ERP.
|
|
|
Flecanide
|
Class Ic antiarrhythmic Inhibits both open and closed voltage gated sodium channels. No effect on AP, ERP.
|
|
|
Propafenone
|
Class Ic antiarrhythmic Inhibits both open and closed voltage gated sodium channels. No effect on AP, ERP.
|
|
|
Propranolol
|
Non-selective beta adrenergic antagonist. Increases PR interval, decreases slope of phase 4 in AV/SA node. Decreases renin release.
|
|
|
Esmolol
|
Beta-1 selective adrenergic antagonist. Very short acting. Increases PR interval, decreases slope of phase 4 in AV/SA node.
|
|
|
Metoprolol, atenolol, timolol, acebutolol
|
Beta-1 selective adrenergic antagonist. Increases PR interval, decreases slope of phase 4 in SA/AV node. Decreases renin release.
|
|
|
Ibutilide
|
Blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Increases AP, ERP. Increases QT interval.
|
|
|
Sotalol
|
Beta-1 adrenergic antagonist. Blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Increases AP, ERP. Increases QT interval.
|
|
|
Bretylium
|
Blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Increases AP, ERP. Increases QT interval.
|
|
|
Amiodarone
|
Blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Increases AP, ERP. Increases QT interval.
|
|
|
Dofetilide
|
Blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. Increases AP, ERP. Increases QT interval.
|
|
|
Adenosine
|
Increaes potassium efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell. Causes G(i)-coupled decrease in cAMP. Decreases SA/AV nodal activity.
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
Decreases neuron excitability.
|
|
|
Captopril (-pril)
|
Inhibits ACE, reducing levels of A-II and preventing inactivation of bradykinin (vasodilation). Increased renin release.
|
|
|
Losartan (-sartan)
|
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist.
|
|
|
Furosemide, torsemide
|
Inhibits NaKCC of the TAL. Abolishes hypertonicity of medulla, preventing concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release (vasodilation of afferent arteriole); inhibited by NSAIDs.
|
|
|
Ethacrynic acid
|
Inhibits NaKCC of the TAL. Abolishes hypertonicity of medulla, preventing concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release (vasodilation of afferent arteriole); inhibited by NSAIDs.
|
|
|
Hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, metolazone
|
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the early distal tubule. Opens ATP-dependent K+ channel (beta islet cells, arterioles).
|
|
|
Spironlactone
|
Aldosterone antagonist on principle cells of the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Eplerenone
|
Selective aldosterone antagonist on principle cells of the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Triamterene
|
Block sodium channels in the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Amiloride
|
Block sodium channels in the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Aliskiren
|
Direct renin inhibitor.
|
|
|
anti-digoxin Fab fragments
|
n/a
|
|
|
Clopidogrel, parsugrel, ticagrelor
|
Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Inhibits fibrinogen by binding and preventing glycoprotein Iib/IIIa expression.
|
|
|
Ticlopidine
|
Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Inhibits fibrinogen by binding and preventing glycoprotein Iib/IIIa expression.
|
|
|
Cilostazol
|
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor; increases cAMP in platelets thus inhibiting platelet aggregation. Vasodilator.
|
|
|
Dipyridamole
|
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor; increases cAMP in platelets thus inhibiting platelet aggregation. Vasodilator. Thromboxane synthase inhibitor.
|
|
|
Abciximab
|
Monoclonal antibody that binds to the glycoprotein receptor IIb/IIIa on activated platelets, preventing aggregation.
|
|
|
Eptifibatide
|
Glycoprotein receptor IIb/IIIa antagonist on activated platelets, preventing aggregation.
|
|
|
Tirofiban
|
Glycoprotein receptor IIb/IIIa antagonist on activated platelets, preventing aggregation.
|
|
|
Streptokinase, urokinase
|
Converts both clot bound and free blood plasminogen to plasmin, which cleaves thrombin and fibrin clots. Increase PT, PTT, but no effect on platelet count.
|
|
|
Alteplase
|
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Clot specific. Directly or indirectly aid conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which cleaves thrombin and fibrin clots. Increase PT, PTT, but no effect on platelet count.
|
|
|
APSAC (anistreplase)
|
Directly or indirectly aid conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which cleaves thrombin and fibrin clots. Increase PT, PTT, but no effect on platelet count.
|
|
|
Protamine sulfate
|
Positively charged molecule that binds negatively charged heparin.
|
|
|
Enoxaparin, fondaparinux
|
Low-molecular-weight heparin. Acts more on factor Xa. Better bioavailability, longer half life.
|
|
|
Heparin
|
Cofactor for the activaiton of antithrombin III, decreases thrombin (IIa), decreases factor Xa. Also IXa and XIIa. Short half life. Works in blood. Rapid onset. Works in vitro.
|
|
|
Warfarin (coumadin)
|
Interferes with vitamin K synthesis (gamma-carboxylation), thus decreases factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S. Works on the liver. Slow onset. Only works in vivo.
|
|
|
Lepirudin, bivalirudin
|
Direct thrombin inhibitor; hirudin derivative.
|
|
|
EACA
|
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid
|
|
|
Argatroban, dabigatran
|
Direct thrombin inhibitor; (blocks factor IIa). Prevents fibrin formation.
|
|
|
Tranexamic acid
|
n/a
|
|
|
Rivaroxaban
|
Oral factor Xa inhibitor.
|
|
|
Milrinone, inamrinone
|
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (increases cAMP), thus increasing inotropy and decreasing TPR.
|
|
|
Omalizumab
|
Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody.
|
|
|
Diphenhydramine
|
First generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Meclizine
|
First generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Promethazine
|
First generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Dimenhydrinate
|
First generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Chlorpheniramine
|
First generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Loratidine
|
Second generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Fexofenadine
|
Second generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Deslortadine
|
Second generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Cetirizine
|
Second generation H1 antagonist. Prevents G(q) activation.
|
|
|
Isoproterenol
|
Nonspecific beta adrenergic agonist.
|
|
|
Albuterol
|
Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
|
|
|
Salmeterol
|
Beta 2 adrenergic agonist.
|
|
|
Aminophylline
|
Inhibits phosphodiesterase thus increasing cAMP. Adenosine antagonist.
|
|
|
Theophylline
|
Inhibits phosphodiesterase thus increasing cAMP. Adenosine antagonist.
|
|
|
Ipratropium
|
Competitive muscarinic antagonist.
|
|
|
Cromolyn, nedocromil
|
Prevents release of mediators from mast cells (decrease histamine release).
|
|
|
Beclomethasone
|
Inhibit synthesis of all cytokines. Inactivates NF-kappa B, the transcription factor that induces production of TNF-alpha.
|
|
|
Prednisone
|
Inhibit synthesis of all cytokines. Inactivates NF-kappa B, the transcription factor that induces production of TNF-alpha.
|
|
|
Zileuton
|
5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor. Blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.
|
|
|
Zafirlukast, montelukast
|
Leukotriene antagonist.
|
|
|
Guaifenesin
|
Expectorant.
|
|
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
Mucolytic.
|
|
|
Bosentan
|
Competitively antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
|
|
|
Dextromethorphan
|
Antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors; codeine analog.
|
|
|
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine
|
Alpha adrenergic antagonist.
|
|
|
Metacholine
|
Muscarinic receptor agonist.
|
|
|
Epoprostenol
|
Prostacyclin analog (PGI2).
|
|
|
Sildenafil
|
Inhibits phosphodiesterase type V; increases cGMP. Dilates pulmonary arteries.
|
|
|
Mannitol
|
Osmotic diuretic, increased tubular fluid osmolarity, producing increased urine flow. Primary site of action at proximal convoluted tubule.
|
|
|
Acetazolamide, dorzolamide
|
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Causes self-limited NaHCO3 diuresis and reduction in total-body HCO3- stores.
|
|
|
Furosemide, torsemide
|
Inhibits NaKCC of the TAL. Abolishes hypertonicity of medulla, preventing concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release (vasodilation of afferent arteriole); inhibited by NSAIDs.
|
|
|
Ethacrynic acid
|
Inhibits NaKCC of the TAL. Abolishes hypertonicity of medulla, preventing concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release (vasodilation of afferent arteriole); inhibited by NSAIDs.
|
|
|
Hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, metolazone
|
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the early distal tubule. Opens ATP-dependent K+ channel (beta islet cells, arterioles).
|
|
|
Spironlactone
|
Aldosterone antagonist on principle cells of the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Eplerenone
|
Selective aldosterone antagonist on principle cells of the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Triamterene
|
Block sodium channels in the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Amiloride
|
Block sodium channels in the cortical collecting tubule. Potassium sparing diuretic.
|
|
|
Cimetidine
|
Reversible H2 antagonist. Decreases H+ secretion by parietal cells. Prevents G(s) activation (decrease cAMP).
|
|
|
Ranitidine
|
Reversible H2 antagonist. Decreases H+ secretion by parietal cells. Prevents G(s) activation (decrease cAMP).
|
|
|
Famotidine, nizatidine (-tidine)
|
Reversible H2 antagonist. Decreases H+ secretion by parietal cells. Prevents G(s) activation (decrease cAMP).
|
|
|
Omeprazole, lansoprazole
|
Irreversibly inhibits H/K-ATPase in parietal cells.
|
|
|
Bismuth, sucralfate
|
Binds to ulcer base, providing physical protection and allows HCO3 secretion to reestablish pH gradient in mucous layer. Requires ACID PH! DO NOT USE WITH ANTACIDS.
|
|
|
Misoprostol
|
PGE1 analog. Increases production and secretion of gastric mucous barrier. Decreases acid production.
|
|
|
Ocreotide
|
Long-acting somatostatin analog.
|
|
|
Aluminum hydroxide
|
Can affect absorption, bioavailability, or urinary excretion of other drugs by altering gastric and urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying.
|
|
|
Magnesium hydroxide
|
Can affect absorption, bioavailability, or urinary excretion of other drugs by altering gastric and urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying.
|
|
|
Calcium carbonate
|
Can affect absorption, bioavailability, or urinary excretion of other drugs by altering gastric and urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying.
|
|
|
Magnesium citrate
|
Provides osmotic load to draw water out.
|
|
|
Polyethylene glycol
|
Provides osmotic load to draw water out.
|
|
|
Lactulose
|
Provides osmotic load to draw water out.
|
|
|
Infliximab
|
Monoclonal antibody to TNF.
|
|
|
Sulfasalazine
|
A combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory). Activated by colonic bacteria.
|
|
|
Ondansetron
|
5-HT3 antagonist.
|
|
|
Metoclopramide
|
D2 antagonist. Increases resting tone, contractility, LES tone, motility. Does not influence colon transport time.
|
|
|
Orlistat
|
Alters fat metabolism by inhibiting pancreatic lipases.
|
|
|
Sibutramine
|
Increases norepinephrine, serotonin.
|
|
|
Aprepitant
|
NK-1 antagonist (receptor to substance P, a neurokinin).
|
|
|
Dronabinol
|
Cannabinoid.
|
|
|
Lispro, aspart
|
Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase). Increases glycogen synthesis (liver/muscle), increases glucose uptake (GLUT4), increases K+ uptake, increases triglyceride storage.
|
|
|
Regular insulin
|
Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase). Increases glycogen synthesis (liver/muscle), increases glucose uptake (GLUT4), increases K+ uptake, increases triglyceride storage.
|
|
|
NPH
|
Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase). Increases glycogen synthesis (liver/muscle), increases glucose uptake (GLUT4), increases K+ uptake, increases triglyceride storage.
|
|
|
Glargine, detemir
|
Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase). Increases glycogen synthesis (liver/muscle), increases glucose uptake (GLUT4), increases K+ uptake, increases triglyceride storage.
|
|
|
Tolbutamide
|
First generation sulfonylurea. Closes K+ channels in beta-cells; induces depolarization and triggers inuslin release via calcium influx.
|
|
|
Chlorpropamide
|
First generation sulfonylurea. Closes K+ channels in beta-cells; induces depolarization and triggers inuslin release via calcium influx.
|
|
|
Glyburide
|
Second generation sulfonylurea. Closes K+ channels in beta-cells; induces depolarization and triggers inuslin release via calcium influx.
|
|
|
Glimepiride
|
Second generation sulfonylurea. Closes K+ channels in beta-cells; induces depolarization and triggers inuslin release via calcium influx.
|
|
|
Glipizide
|
Second generation sulfonylurea. Closes K+ channels in beta-cells; induces depolarization and triggers inuslin release via calcium influx.
|
|
|
Metformin
|
Inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake (increases insulin sensitivity).
|
|
|
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
|
Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue by inducing PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator.
|
|
|
Acarbose
|
Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases. Delays surgar hydrolysis and glucose absorption; prevents postprandial hyperglycemia.
|
|
|
Miglitol
|
Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases. Delays surgar hydrolysis and glucose absorption; prevents postprandial hyperglycemia.
|
|
|
Pramlintide
|
Decreases glucagon levels.
|
|
|
Exenatide
|
Increases insulin and decreases glucagon release. GLP-1 analog.
|
|
|
Sitagliptin
|
Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase 4, thereby inhibiting the inactivation of GLP-1.
|
|
|
Propylthiouracil
|
Blocks peroxidase, thereby inhibiting organification of iodide and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis. Also blocks 5'-deiodinase, which decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
|
|
|
Methimazole
|
Blocks peroxidase, thereby inhibiting organification of iodide and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis.
|
|
|
Levothyroxide, triiodothyronine
|
Thyroxine (T3) replacement.
|
|
|
Somatrem, somatropin
|
Growth-hormone analog.
|
|
|
Octreotide
|
Somatostatin
|
|
|
Oxytocin
|
n/a
|
|
|
Desmopressin
|
ADH agonist. Increases vWF release from endothelium.
|
|
|
Demeclocycline
|
ADH antagonist; tetracycline antibiotic.
|
|
|
Hydrocortisone, prenisoe, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone
|
Inhibits phospholipase A2 and expression of CO-2; decreases production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
|
|
|
Metyrapone
|
Inhibits 11-beta-hydroxylase thus decreasing coritsol production.
|
|
|
Propanolol
|
Blocks 5'-deiodinase, which decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Also prevents sympathetic symptoms.
|
|
|
Cosyntorpin
|
ACTH analog.
|
|
|
Radioactive iodine (I131)
|
Ablation.
|
|
|
Perchlorate, pertechnetate
|
Block uptake of iodine by competitive inhibition at NIS.
|
|
|
Glucocorticoids for hyperthyroidism
|
n/a
|
|
|
Leuprolide, naferelin
|
GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in pulsatile fashion; antagonist when used in continuous fashion (downregulates GnRH receptors, thus decreasing FSH/LH).
|
|
|
Testosterone (methyltestosterone)
|
Agonist at androgen receptors.
|
|
|
Finasteride
|
5-alpha-reductase inhibitor; decrases conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
|
|
|
Flutamide
|
Nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at the testosterone receptor.
|
|
|
Ketoconazole
|
Inhibits steroid synthesis (inhibits desmolase).
|
|
|
Spironolactone
|
Inhibits steroid binding.
|
|
|
Ethinyl estradiol, DES, mestranol
|
Estrogen receptor agonist.
|
|
|
Clomiphene
|
Partial agonist at estrogen receptors in hypothalamus. Prevents normal feedback inhibition and increases release of LH and FSH, which stimulates ovulation.
|
|
|
Tamoxifen
|
Estrogen antagonist.
|
|
|
Raloxifene
|
Estrogen antagonist with breast cancer; estrogen agonist on bone.
|
|
|
Hormone replacement therapy
|
n/a
|
|
|
Anastozole
|
Aromatase inhibitor.
|
|
|
Exemestane
|
Aromatase inhibitor.
|
|
|
Progestins (medroxyprosgesterone, norethindrone, desogestrel)
|
Progesterone agonist; reduces growth and increases vascularization of endometrium.
|
|
|
Mifepristone
|
Competitive progesterone antagonist.
|
|
|
Oral contraceptives
|
Synthetic progestins, estrogen. Inhibit LH/FSH thus prevent estrogen surge. No estrogen surge means no Lh surge thus no ovulation.
|
|
|
Ritodrine, terbutaline
|
Beta-2 adrenergic agonists.
|
|
|
Tamsulosin
|
Alpha-1 receptor antagonist. Selective for alpha1(A,D) receptors found on prostate. Little efect on vascular alpha1(B) receptors.
|
|
|
Sildenafil, vardenafil
|
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase, cuasing increased cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum, thus increasing blood flow.
|
|
|
Danazol
|
Partial androgen agonist.
|
|
|
Carboprost
|
PGF-2 alpha agonist
|
|
|
Dinoprostone
|
PGE2 agonist
|
|
|
Zinc oxide
|
Blocks UVAI, UVAII, UVB
|
|
|
PABA ester
|
Blocks UVB
|
|
|
Avobenzone
|
Blocks UVA I and II
|
|
|
Benzoyl peroxide
|
Antimicrobial
|
|
|
Acetaminophen
|
N-acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione)
|
|
|
Salicylates
|
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis
|
|
|
Amphetamines
|
NH4Cl (acidify urine)
|
|
|
Organophosphates, anticholinersterases
|
Atropine, pralidoxmine
|
|
|
Antimuscarinics, anticholinergic agents
|
Physostigmine salicylate
|
|
|
Beta blockers
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
Digitalis
|
Stop dig; normalize potassium; lidocaine, anti-dig Fab fragments, magnesium
|
|
|
Iron
|
Deferoxamine
|
|
|
Lead
|
Calcium EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
|
|
|
Mercury, arsenic, gold
|
Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer
|
|
|
Copper, arsenic, gold
|
Penicillamine
|
|
|
Cyanide
|
Nitrate, hydroxocobalamin, thiosulfate
|
|
|
Methemoglobin
|
Methylene blue, vitamin C
|
|
|
Carbon monoxide
|
100% O2, hyperbaric chamber
|
|
|
Methanol, ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
|
Fomepizole >> ethanol, dialysis
|
|
|
Opioids
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
Flumazenil
|
|
|
TCAs
|
NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)
|
|
|
Heparin
|
Protamine sulfate
|
|
|
Warfarin
|
Fresh frozen plasma >> vitamin K
|
|
|
tPA
|
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA)
|
|
|
Streptokinase
|
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA)
|
|
|
Theophylline
|
Beta-blocker
|
