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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define "Fire Behaviour"
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-the manner in which fuel ignites, flame develops, and fire spreads as determined by the interactions of fuels, weather, and topography
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Define "Smouldering"
"Creeping" |
Smouldering- a fire burning without flame and barely spreading
Creeping- a fire spreading slowly over the ground generally with a low flame |
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Define "Candling"
"Torching" "Crowning" |
Candling- a single tree when its foliage ignites and flares from the bottom up
Torching- small clump of trees when its foliage ignites and flares up, usually from the bottom up Crowning- a fire ascending in the crowns of trees and spreading from crown to crown |
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Define "Running"
"Spotting" |
Running- fire spreading rapidly and with a well-defined head
Spotting- fire brands carried by the surface wind, a fire whirl, and/or convection column that fall beyond the main fire perimeter and result in spot fires |
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What does LACES stand for?
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Lookouts
Anchor Points Communications Escape Routes Safety Zones |
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What is the primary job of the Lookout?
When should more than 1 be used? |
- to watch the fire and report info on conditions, hazards, and fire behaviour to the IC and FF on the fireline.
- if 1 can't see the entire fire or fire conditions are severe enough |
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What are Anchor Points?
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- advantageous locations to start or finish fighting fire on a fireline or leading edge of fire, usually a barrier to fire spread
eg rocks, waterways, bike paths |
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What are Escape Routes?
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- retreat paths that provide rapid access to safety zones
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What is a Safety Zone?
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- an area where FF, apparatus or both can survive if control of the fireline is lost
eg water sources, large rocky areas, area with no fuel, burned area |
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What does "Retreat and return" mean?
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- FF retreat to safety zones and allow the fire to move through that area, when safe FF return to protect structures or put out fires
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Using the "Fire Triangle" What 3 principles are used for putting out a fire?
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1. Remove the fuel(cut a line separating fuel from fire
2.Remove O2 by cutting off air with water or cover with dirt. 3. Reduce heat below combustion temp. by cooling with water. |
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How does water put out fire?
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1. Cooling - absorbs heat
2. Smothering - gases from fuel can't mix with O2 in the air to complete chemical chain reaction |
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What are the 3 parts of the Fire BEHAVIOR triangle?
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1. Weather
2. Topography 3. Fuel |
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What is the single most important factor that determines fire behavior?
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Fuel moisture content
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Forest fuels can be divided into what 2 main categories?
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Dead and Live
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What are the 3 parts of the fire triangle?
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Fuel
Heat Oxygen |
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What are the 5 factors causing variation in ignition temp.?
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1. Size
2.Shape of fuel 3 Moisture Content 4. Quantity of fuel being heated 5. Velocity of air around the particle |
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Define "Fire Behaviour?
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- the manner in which fuel ignites, flame develops and fire spreads as determined by the interaction of fuels, weather and topography
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To predict Fire Behaviour we must have a basic knowledge of 5 things:
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1.Fire
2. Weather 3. Topography 4.Fuels 5. Fire Danger Ratings |
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What 3 things must we know to predict fire behavior?
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1.-what makes a fire burn
2.-what makes a fire spread 3.why the rate or direction of spread changes |
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Fuels are classified as:
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Aerial
Surface Ground |
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Define "Fuel Moisture"
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-the % of the fuels weight that is water
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2 conditions that influence fuel moisture?
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1. Greenness
2. Shade Protection |
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The 4 variables that influence fire weather?
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Relative Humidity
Temperature Wind Percipitation |
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What are the 4 major categories of Topography?
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Aspect
Steep Slopes Shape of the country Barriers |
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The 2 ways to attack a wild fire are:
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1. Direct- action on the actual burning perimeter
2. Indirect - anchor lines, fire breaks. etc. |
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What are the 4 fire danger rating categories?
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Low
Moderate High Extreme |
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Fire Danger rating measures:
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-the prob. of a fire starting
-the estimated burning intensity -the rate of fire spread |
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What is crossover?
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When the increasing temp. in degrees C and the decreasing RH in % are equal or approaching the same value.
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What are the 4 levels of fire status?
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Out of control
Being held Under control Extinguished |
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What are the 4 fir status levels in Wildland?
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Out of Control
Being Held Under Control Extinguished |
