201

Front 1

First, light enters the eyeball through a tiny hole known as the _______

Back 1

pupil

Front 2

thanks to the refractive properties of your cornea and lens, this light signal gets projected sharply into the ________

Back 2

retina

Front 3

light is transduced into neural energy by about 200 million ___________ cells.

Back 3

photoreceptor

Front 4

There are two different types of photoreceptors: _____ and cones

Back 4

rods

Front 5

_____ give us sensitivity under dim lighting conditions and allow us to see at night.

Back 5

Rods

Front 6

_____ allow us to see fine details in bright light and give us the sensation of color.

Back 6

Cones

Front 7

Contrast is so important that your neurons go out of their way not only to encode differences in light but to exaggerate those differences for you, lest you miss them. Neurons achieve this via a process known as _________________

Back 7

lateral inhibition

Front 8

lateral inhibition?

Back 8

When a neuron is firing in response to light, it produces two signals: an output signal to pass on to the next level in vision, and a lateral signal to inhibit all neurons that are next to it.

Front 9

dark adaptation

Back 9

When you move into a dark environment, and you begin to see things around you that initially you could not.

Front 10

what happens at the primary visual cortex (also known as V1)?

Back 10

based on the contrast information arriving from the eyes, neurons will start computing information about color and simple lines, small scale motions

Front 11

visual-recognition areas

Back 11

located along the ventral pathway of the brain.edges are assigned to the object to which they belong, backgrounds are separated fromforegrounds, colors are assigned to surfaces, and the global motion of objects is computed. There is even a brain region specialized in letter and word processing.

Front 12

brain regions along the dorsal pathway

Back 12

will compute information about self- and object-motion, allowing you to interact with objects, navigate the environment, and avoid obstacles

Front 13

why do we have two eyes?

Back 13

the minute difference in perspective that you get from each eye is used by your brain to reconstruct the sense of three dimensional space.

Front 14

Trichromacy theory

Back 14

proposed that the eye had three different types of color-sensitive cells based on the observation that any one color can be reproduced by combining lights from three lamps of different hue. If you can adjust separately the intensity of each light, at somepoint you will find the right combination of the three lights to match any color in the world.

Front 15

Opponent Process theory of color

Back 15

color is coded via three opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white). Within each channel, a comparison is constantly computed between the two elements in the pair. In other words, colors are encoded as differences between two hues and not as simple combinations of hues. Again, what matters to the brain iscontrast. When one element is stronger than the other, the stronger color is perceived and the weaker one is suppressed.

Front 16

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Back 16

when you move your head in one direction, your eyes reflexively move in the opposite direction to compensate, allowing you to maintain your gaze on the object that you are looking at.

Front 17

graphemecolor synesthesia

Back 17

The most common type of synesthesia. Synesthesia occurs when one sensory signal gives rise to two or more sensations.