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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon dioxide travels in the mammalian blood |
70% is converted into hydrogen carbonate ions 23% combines with haemoglobin and travels as carbaminohaemoglobin 7% dissolves directly into the plasma |
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Oxygen travels in the mammalian blood |
98.5% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
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Water in blood... |
Travels in forms of cytoplasm,interstitial fluid and lymph |
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Salts in mammalian blood is carried as... |
Positive and negative ions |
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Nitrogenous waste... |
Is transported through blood in a diluted form- urea |
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Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin |
Presence of haemoglobin increases the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen.
Organisms with blood containing haemoglobin are able to deliver oxygen to cells more efficiently. Human body adapts to what is effectively oxygen deprivation by increasing heart rate, breathing rate and the number of red blood cells. |
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Arteries... |
Carry blood from the heart under high pressure.
Have thick but elastic walls. Made of three layers: endothelium- lining, smooth muscle-contract the vessel and connective tissue- allows for expansion. |
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Veins... |
Carry blood back to heart under lower pressure. Have thinner walls than arteries
Made of three layers like arteries. Contain valves that prevent the back flow of blood. |
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Capillaries |
Only one endothelium cell thick.
Allow for diffusion of materials through their walls to reach the cells found in the tissues. |
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Outline theneed for oxygen in living cells and explain why removal of carbon dioxide fromcells is essential
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Cells require oxygen in the process of respiration:
Carbon dioxide is a waste product and must be removed to maintain the normal pH balance of blood. |
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Blood gas analysers...
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Invasive technology.
Small sample of arterial blood is required. Oxygen is measured when it diffuses through a membrane between two electrodes and a small electric current is produced. Large instrument Used in intensive care units. E.g. Baby care units and labour wards. |
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Pulse oximeters... |
Non-invasive technology
Probe attaches to a patient’s finger or ear. Displays percentage of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. Light source passes through blood. A process calculates the light absorption and computes the percentage of oxygenated haemoglobin. Used to monitor patients during anaesthesia and help to indicate if oxygen therapy is adequate. |
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Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
Treatment for significant anaemia and severe bleeding or for patients deficit of oxygen carrying capacity.
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What is the function of white blood cells?? |
Helps fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs that invade the body.
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Plasma clots blood and fights diseases. |
Used by burn victims, bleeding after trauma, following transplants or other surgeries.
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Proposereasons why research for artificial blood is needed
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Blood supplies are insufficient.
Donated blood only has a shelf life of about 1 month. Donated blood must be typed and matched to the patient. Donated blood must be screened for blood-borne diseases. |
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Why are perfluorocarbons being researched as an artificial blood supply?
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Synthetic material.
Can dissolve 50 times more oxygen than plasma. Free of biological materials so is infection risk free. More research is needed as perfluorocarbons need to be combined with other substances in order to mix with blood. |
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Why are haemoglobin basedoxygen carriers being researched as an artificial blood supply? |
Made from sterilised haemoglobin.
Can be stored fora long period of time. More research is needed as haemoglobin breaks down easily and can be toxic. Needs to be modified so it is not as dangerous. |
