2-Forearm

Front 1

Name the two compartments of the forearm and what each forms from? What is the function of each compartment?

Back 1

anterior-originates from medial epicondyle and epicondyle ridge of humerus, flexion and pronation
posterior-from lateral epicondyle and epicondyle rige of humerus, extensors and supinators

Front 2

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment? anterior?

Back 2

posterior-radial
anterior-median and ulnar

Front 3

The anterior compartment has a communication with the palm through what?

Back 3

carpal tunnel

Front 4

What holds the muscle tendons of the anterior surface of the wrist in place?

Back 4

palmar carpal ligament and flexor retinaculum

Front 5

Name the 5 muscles in the superficial group as well as what layers each is in?

Back 5

layer one-pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
layer two-flexor digitorum superficialis

Front 6

What attaches the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm to the medial epicondlye?

Back 6

common flexor tendon

Front 7

Do all the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm cross the elbow joint?

Back 7

yes

Front 8

Name the 3 muscles in the deep group of the anterior forearm as well as what layer each is in.

Back 8

layer three-flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus
layer four-pronator quadratus

Front 9

What is the origin and insertion of the pronator teres? Which border of the cbital fossa does it form?

Back 9

o=medial epicondyl of humerus
i-lateral radius
forms medial boundary

Front 10

Where is the flexor carpi radialis located w/ respect to the pronator teres?

Back 10

medial

Front 11

What is the origin and insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?

Back 11

o-medial epicondyle
i-2nd metacarpal

Front 12

Is the palmaris longus medial or lateral to the flexor carpi radialis?

Back 12

medial

Front 13

What does the tendon of the palmaris longus attach to?

Back 13

flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

Front 14

Is the tendon of the palmaris longus medial or lateral to the median nerve?

Back 14

medial

Front 15

Which of the forearm flexor muscles is the most medial?

Back 15

flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 16

Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris located w/ respect to the ulnar artery and nerve?

Back 16

medial to them

Front 17

What innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Back 17

ulnar

Front 18

What is the function of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Back 18

fexes and adducts hand

Front 19

The digital tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis is enclosed in a common flexor synovial sheath w/ what other muscle?

Back 19

flexor digitorum profundus

Front 20

What is the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

Back 20

flexes proximal interphalangeal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint

Front 21

What is the function of the flexor digitorum profundus?

Back 21

flexes distal interphalangeal joint, PIP joint, and metacarpophalangela joint and wrist

Front 22

The lateral part of the flexor digitorum profundus that serves digits 2&3 is innervated by what nerve? medial part that serves 4&5?

Back 22

2&3-median
4&5-ulnar

Front 23

If the ulnar nerve is damaged what is the characteristic appearance? median nerve?

Back 23

ulnar-claw hand
median-benediction

Front 24

How can the flexor digitorum profundus be tested?

Back 24

hold the patients hand and flex only the distal phalanges

Front 25

Is the flexor pollicis longus medial or lateral to the flexor digitorum profundus?

Back 25

lateral

Front 26

What other muscle does the flexor pollicis longus share its synovial sheath with?

Back 26

none

Front 27

Which muscle is the only muscle that flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb? What are the other functions of this muscle

Back 27

flexor pollicis longus
flex joints between proximal phalanx and 1st metacarpar, carpometacarpal and wrist

Front 28

What is the deepest muscle in the anterior forearm?

Back 28

pronator quatratus

Front 29

What nerve innervates the posterior forearm?

Back 29

radial

Front 30

What are the four functional groups of the extensor forearm? Which muscles make up each group?

Back 30

muscles extend abduct or adduct wrist-extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris
extend medial four digits-extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and extensor digiti minimi
extend or abduct 1st digit-abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and longus
supinate forearm-supinator

Front 31

Name the superficial extensors of the forearm.

Back 31

extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis

Front 32

Name the deep extensors of the forearm.

Back 32

supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and longus, extensor indicis

Front 33

Which extensor tendons of the forearm attach to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? (4)

Back 33

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

Front 34

Which extensor tendons of the forearm attach to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus?

Back 34

brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus

Front 35

What is the purpose of the synovial tendon sheaths in the forearm?

Back 35

reduce friction between tendons and between tendons and bones

Front 36

The extensor indicis shares a synovial tendon sheath with which other muscle?

Back 36

extensor digitorum

Front 37

Which of the extensors of the forearm has its own synovial sheath?

Back 37

extensor digiti minimi

Front 38

What is the band of fibrous fascia that holds the extensor tendons in place int he wrist region when the hand is hyperflexed?

Back 38

extensor retinaculum

Front 39

Which side of the forearm is the brachioradialis located?

Back 39

anterolateral side, even though this is in the posterior compartment

Front 40

Which muscle covers the superficial radial nerve?

Back 40

brachioradialis

Front 41

What is the function of the brachioradialis?

Back 41

flexes the elbow joint, ie drinking a glass of water-does not extend or supinate

Front 42

The extensor carpi radialis longus crosses underneath which two muscles?

Back 42

abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

Front 43

What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis longus? brevis?

Back 43

extends and abducts wrist, steadies the wrist when clenching a fist
same as longus

Front 44

What connects adjacent tendons of the extensor digitorum? (makes it so that 4&5 go together)

Back 44

intertendinous connection

Front 45

At the distal metacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint level, the extensor tendons of the extensor digitorum flatten and form what?

Back 45

extensor expansion, a triangular, tendinous aponeurosis that wraps around the dorsum and sides of the head of the metacarpal and proximal phalanx

Front 46

At the distal end of the proximal phalanx, the extensor expansion gives rise to what?

Back 46

median band that passes to the base of the middle phalanx and two lateral bands that pass to the base of the distal pphalanx

Front 47

What is the action of the extensor digitorum?

Back 47

extends proximal, middle and distal phalanges, extends wrist

Front 48

What is the function of the extensor digiti minimi?

Back 48

extends the prosmimal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint, assists the extension of the interphalangeal joints and wrist joint

Front 49

Which of the superficial extensor muscles runs most meidal?

Back 49

extensor carpi ulnaris

Front 50

Which of the superficial extensors of the forearm is in its own synovial sheath and its own compartment?

Back 50

extensor carpi ulnaris

Front 51

What is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

Back 51

extends and adducts the wrist and steadies the wrist when clenching a fist (acts together w/ ECRL and ECRB)

Front 52

Where is inflammation located in a patient with elbow tenonitis?

Back 52

on the periosteum of the epicondyles where the superficial flexors or extensors of the forearm form a common tendon

Front 53

What can cause mallet or baseball finger?

Back 53

sudden forceful extension of a long extensor tendon such as a finger jammed into a base pad

Front 54

What is the appearance of a mallet finger?

Back 54

distal interphalangeal joint cannot extend and is pulled in flexion by flexor tendons

Front 55

What is the appearance of a fractured olecranon at the elbow?

Back 55

olecranon is pulled upward by the triceps

Front 56

Where is a synovial cyst of the wrist located? What nerve may be compressed?

Back 56

dorsal side of hand
median N

Front 57

Which nerve passes through the supinator?

Back 57

deep branch of radial nerve

Front 58

The abductor pollicis longus shares a synovial sheath with which other extensor?

Back 58

extensor pollicis brevis

Front 59

What is the function of the abductor pollicis longus?

Back 59

abducts and extends the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint

Front 60

What forms the lateral and medial border of the anatomical snuff box?

Back 60

lateral-extensor pollicis brevis
medial-extensor pollicis longus

Front 61

What is the function of the extensor pollicis brevis?

Back 61

extends thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint, helps extend the 1st metacarpal and wrist, helps abduct wrist

Front 62

What is the function of the extensor pollicis longus?

Back 62

extends the distal phalanx at the interphalangeal joint, and proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb, when thumb is extended it adducts and laterally rotates thumb

Front 63

Which of the extensor pollicis' is larger and longer?

Back 63

extensor pollicis longus

Front 64

Name the contents of the anatomical snuff box.

Back 64

radial artery, radial syloid process, scaphoid, trapezium and 1st carpometacarpal joint

Front 65

The extensor indicis shares a synovial sheath with which other extensor?

Back 65

extensor digitorum

Front 66

What is the function of the extensor indicis?

Back 66

extend index finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, helps extend hand

Front 67

Where does the brachial artery branch? What arteries does it branch into? Which of the branches is larger?

Back 67

branches at head of radius in lower cubital fossa
ulnar and radial
ulnar artery is larger

Front 68

Is the ulnar artery in the anterior or posterior compartment?

Back 68

anterior

Front 69

Describe the path of the ulnar artery.

Back 69

begins in cubital fossa, medial to biceps tendon, deep to pronator teres, enters palm on anterior part of wrist, lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, anterior to ulnar head

Front 70

What are the branches of the ulnar artery?

Back 70

anterior and posterior recurrent arteries, common interosseous artery, muscular, palmar carpal, dorsal carpal, superficial branch, deep branch

Front 71

What is the path of the anterior ulnar recurrent artery? Which muscles does it supply?

Back 71

arises inferior to elbow joint, runs superiorly between brachialis and pronator teres, supplies these muscles

Front 72

Which artery does the anterior ulnar recurrent artery anastomose with?

Back 72

inferior ulnar collateral artery (a branch from the brachial artery)

Front 73

Does the posterior ulnar recurrent artery arise proximal or distal to the anterior ulnar recurrent artery?

Back 73

distal

Front 74

What are the 2 branches of the common interosseous artery?

Back 74

anterior and posterior

Front 75

What does the muscular branch of the ulnar artery supply?

Back 75

medial side of forearm, mainly the flexor-pronators

Front 76

What forms the palmar carpal arch?

Back 76

palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery and palmar carpal branch of radial artery

Front 77

Where is the palmar carpal branch located w/ respect to the FDP?

Back 77

deep to the FDP

Front 78

What forms the dorsal carpal arch?

Back 78

dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery and dorsal carpal branch of radial artery

Front 79

Where does the dorsal carpal branch arise?

Back 79

proximal to pisiform bone

Front 80

What does the superficial branch of he ulnar artery form? What does it anastomoses with?

Back 80

superficial palmar arch
radial artery

Front 81

Is the superficial palmar arch formed mainly by the ulnar or radial? deep palmar arch?

Back 81

-superficial is more ulnar
deep palmar is more radial

Front 82

What forms the deep palmar arch?

Back 82

deep branch of ulnar artery and radial artery

Front 83

What artery is used as the demarcation for the separation of the flexors and extensors of the forearm?

Back 83

radial

Front 84

What artery is used commonly to measure the pulse of the heart?

Back 84

radial artery

Front 85

Name the branches of the radial artery.

Back 85

radial recurrent, superficial palmar branch, palmar carpal branch, dorsal carpal branch, deep palmar arch

Front 86

Which muscles does the radial recurrent artery supply?

Back 86

brachioradialis and brachialis

Front 87

Which artery does the radial recurrent anastomoses with?

Back 87

radial collateral artery (a branch from deep artery of the arm)

Front 88

From where does the superficial palmar branch arise?

Back 88

distal end of radial artery

Front 89

What is the deep palmar arch a continuation of?

Back 89

radial artery

Front 90

With what does the palmar carpal branch communicate with?

Back 90

recurrent branch of the deep palmar arch

Front 91

What artery is visible and can be palpated in 3% of the population? Why is this important?

Back 91

superficial ulnar artery, don't mistake as a vein

Front 92

From where does the cephalic vein arise?

Back 92

anatomical snuff box

Front 93

From what part of the arm does the cephalic vein collect blood?

Back 93

lateral side of dorsal venous network

Front 94

Where does the median antebrachial vein begin and end?

Back 94

begins in superficial venous palmar arch, ends in basilica vein

Front 95

What does the antebrachial vein drain?

Back 95

subcutaneous tissue in anterior part of forearm

Front 96

What do the radial and ulnar veins drain?

Back 96

forearm, carry little blood from hand

Front 97

From which cord of the brachial plexus does the median nerve originate?

Back 97

lateral

Front 98

What artery does the median nerve travel with?

Back 98

brachial

Front 99

The median nerve is deep to which muscle? superficial?

Back 99

deep to flexor digitorum superficialis, superficial to flexor digitorum profundus

Front 100

The median nerve can be reached in between which 2 tendons?

Back 100

palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis

Front 101

Where does the median nerve branch?

Back 101

no branches in arm, does branche in forearm and hand

Front 102

What are the 5 branches of the median nerve?

Back 102

articular, muscular, anterior interosseous, recurrent branch of median nerve, palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve

Front 103

Where does the articular branch go to?

Back 103

elbow joint

Front 104

What do the muscular branches innervate?

Back 104

all flexor forearm muscles exept flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus

Front 105

What does the anterior interosseous nerve innervate?

Back 105

lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus and wrist joint

Front 106

Which muscles does the recurrent branch of median nerve innervate?

Back 106

distal to flexor retinaculum
innervates thenar muscles

Front 107

Which branch of the median nerve branches distal to the flexor retinaculum? proximal?

Back 107

distal-recurrent branch of median nerve
proximal-palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve

Front 108

What does the palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve supply?

Back 108

skin of lateral palm

Front 109

What is pronator syndrome?

Back 109

A median nerve injury due to the heads of the pronator teres muscle, nerve can be compressed between the two heads

Front 110

Where is pain felt with pronator syndrom?

Back 110

proximal anterior forearm

Front 111

The ulnar nerve originates from which cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 111

medial cord

Front 112

Which muscles does the ulnar nerve supply?

Back 112

flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus

Front 113

What is the groove between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate called? What passes through here

Back 113

canal of Guyon
ulnar nerve

Front 114

What are the branches of the ulnar nerve?

Back 114

articular, muscular, palmar cutaneous, dorsal cutaneous, deep branch

Front 115

Which branch of the ulnar nerve goes to the elbow joint?

Back 115

articular branches

Front 116

What do the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve supply?

Back 116

flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half (digit 4&5) of the FDP

Front 117

Where does the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve arise?

Back 117

middle of the forearm

Front 118

What does the palmar cutaneous branch supply? dorsal cutaneous?

Back 118

palmer-skin of medial part of palm
dorsal-posterior surface of medial part of hand and digits

Front 119

Which branch of the ulnar nerve arises at the wrist?

Back 119

deep branch

Front 120

Which muscles does the dep branch of the ulnar nerve supply?

Back 120

hypothenar muscles (uscles of little finger), interosseous muscles of hand and 3rd & 4th lumbrical muscles

Front 121

What is a common site of injury for the ulnar nerve?

Back 121

posterior epicondyle

Front 122

If there is numbness and tingling at the medial part of the palm and the medial one and a half fingers (5th digit and medial side of 4th digit) what nerve may be injured?

Back 122

ulnar nerve

Front 123

A clawhand is associated w/ which type of nerve injury? Which digits are affected?

Back 123

ulnar nerve
4th & 5th

Front 124

Which muscles may atrophy w/ ulnar nerve injury? What is the result?

Back 124

interosseous muscles
impaired abduction/adduction of fingers

Front 125

What syndrome is associated w/ the ulnar nerve being compressed by the flexor carpi ulnaris at its proximal attachment site where the two heads (humeral and ulnar) form a tunnel?

Back 125

cubital tunnel syndrome

Front 126

What are the branches of the radial nerve?

Back 126

superficial, deep, posterior cutaneous nerve

Front 127

What does the superficial branch supply?

Back 127

skin of the palmar and radial side of the hand as well as a number of joints in the hand

Front 128

The deep branch of the radial nerve is a ______ and ______ nerve.

Back 128

muscular and articular

Front 129

Which branch of the radial nerve is a direct continuation of the radial nerve?

Back 129

deep branch

Front 130

Which muscle does the deep branch pierce?

Back 130

supinator

Front 131

What does the deep branch become?

Back 131

posterior interosseous nerve

Front 132

What is a common characteristic of radial nerve injury?

Back 132

wrist drop

Front 133

Which branch of the radial nerve is injured if there is an inability to extend the thumb and the metacarpophalangeal joints? coin shaped area anesthesia on dorsal hand?

Back 133

deep branch
superficial branch