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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most significant taste nerve and the others?
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CN 7, the others are 9, and 10 and are clinically insignificant
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What would you think if a patient had unilateral hearing loss?
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That the problem is outside of the brainstem
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Why is it hard for a brainstem lesion to cause unilateral hearing loss?
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Because auditory pathways ascend bilaterally
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What is an acoustic neuroma also know as?
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A vestibular schwannoma
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What side of the body do cerebellar symptoms usually presnet?
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ipsilateral
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What CN are associated with the eye tests?
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2,3,4 and 6
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What 2 nerves cause the blinking reflex? and the pupillary reflex?
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5 in and 7 out .... 2in 3out
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Describe olfactory receptors?
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1. The only ones outside the CNS
2. True bipolar 3. Unmyelinated |
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What are olfactory neurons unmyelinated?
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They are the only neurons in the CNS that regrow
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What are the mitral cells?
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2nd order neurons of the olfactory system
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What is the initial olfactory pathway?
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1st olfactory receptors ---> project to 2nd mitral cells ---> project to the primary olfactory cortex and the amygdala
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Where does the primary olfactory cortex project to?
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The mediodorsal thalamus and the hippocampus
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Where does the amygdala send axons to?
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The hypothalamus
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Why do smelling salts wake you up?
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They burn your nose
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Does smell wake you up?
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No
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What is the cribiform plate part of?
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the ethmoid bone
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What is rhinorea?
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CSF leakage out of the nose
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What is anosmia?
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Lack of smell
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What is the halo test?
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STick a tissue under the nose and see if a ring of clear extends out .... indicates rhinorea and CSF
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What is epistaxis?
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a nose bleed
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What does the bowman's gland do?
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Secretes mucus out the nose
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What innervates the bowmans gland?What does it do?
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CN 7 innervates that and the lacrimal ducts. This explains why when you cry you get a runny nose
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What do the basal stem cells do in the olfactory system? and why are they cool?
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They produce new olfactory neurons and neurons are not usually replaced
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Olfactory chemorecptors need what?
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the chemicals to be dissolved in liquids
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How many smell receptors are there and why can we smeel so much?
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Only 20 recepetors but they combine in different combinations
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How quickly does a smell receptor desensitize and why?
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50% in a few seconds ... this is so you can follow smells or run away from them quickly
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What types of things commonly damage olfactory nerves?(2)
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1. meningitis, meningeal tumors cause compression
2. Skull fractures involving cribiform and tumors |
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What happens to olfaction when you lesion the parahippocampal uncus?
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Olfactory hallucinations
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What is Foster Kennedy syndrome?(4)
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1. Olfactory groove meningioma
2. Olfactory tract and optic nerve compressed 3. Ipsi anosmia but Contra Papilledema 4. Optic atrophy 4. Obstruction causes the ICP = Papilledema ...only one eye because other is atrophied Picture Kennedy's Eye bugging out! |
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What is synesthesia olfaction?
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1. Smells become visual or auditory. .....I smell Red!
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What is -osmia?
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the sensation of smell
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What types of receptors are the taste receptors?
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Modified chemoreceptors made of epithelial cells
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What 3 cells make up the taste buds and how long do they last?
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1. Basal produce
2. Supporting that become 3. Gustatory(10Days) and hair cells project from here to do the tasting |
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Where are the 1st order taste nuerons and what type are they?
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At the base of the taste bud and are psuedo unipolar neurons
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What are the three taste ganglion and where do they project to afterward?
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1. Nodose(10), Petrosal(9) and Geniculate(7)
2. Go to the nucleus Solitarus then the VPM |
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What is -geusia?
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Taste
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What is the relationship between taste and smell?
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1. The tounge only tastes a little sweet, sour etc
2. The majority of taste comes from odor, so a stuffy nose = no taste |
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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Mechanical hearing loss in the outer and middle ears
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What is sensorineural hearing loss?
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Hearing loss in the nerves, inner ear stuff like an acoustic neuroma
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What is cerumen?
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ear wax build up
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Why do kids get otitis media?
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Short inner ear tube
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What is the danger of otitis media?
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Meningitis
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How does the cochlea transduce sound?(4)
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1. The tympanic membrane vibrates
2. Incus, malleus and stapes kick the oval window 3. makes the fluid inside the cochlea move 4. The round window expands out to accomodate the fluid shift |
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What happens inside the organ of corti?
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The fluid causes a shearing force of the layers. The hair cells inside the layers are what transmit the signal to the vestibular nerve
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What is the helicotrema?
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1. Wide end of the cochlea
2. Recognizes low frequency |
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What part of the cochlea registers what frequencies?
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1. Basilar membrane registers the frequency
2. Narrow at the base 3. Wide at the helicotrema |
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What part of the brain registers sound?
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Bordmans 41,42
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What part of the thalamus registers sound?
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus
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What two types of balance are there?
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Static and Dynamic
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What is static balance and whats it measured by?
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Head position relative to gravity measured by the otoliths
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What direction is acceleration and deceleration for the otoliths in static balance?
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Acceleration is backwards and deceleration is forwards
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The semicircular canals are in what orientation?
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X,Y and Z axis
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What is vertigo?
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The sensation of the room spinning around you
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What is dizziness?
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A weaker sensation related to vertigo
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What does dynamic equilibrium measure, using what?
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Rotational acceleration with the Crista in the ampulla
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What are the 3 main vestibular problems?
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2. Vertigo
3. Nausea 4. Nystagmus |
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What does the vestibulo-occular reflex do?
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It allows the head to move while keeping the eyes on target reflexively, also known as the Doll's Eye manouver
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Describe the doll's eye manouver?
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Moving the patients head one way and the eyes will stay fixed. This should happen even in a comatose patient
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How does the vestibulo-occular reflex work?
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1. CN 3 and 6 move the eyes laterally and connect via the MLF
2.The pontine gaze center connects to CN 8 3. 8 is then connected to the MLF also 4. This means that the inner ear cooperates with CN3 and6 to keep gaze steady while moving |
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What CN is meningitis associated with?
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It likes to hitch a ride onto CN8 into the brain
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What is Otosclerosis?
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Fixation of the stapes
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What is otitis media?
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Inflammation of the middle ear with a viral infection, most common cause of meningitis
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What is Otits externa?
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Swimmers ear or water in there
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What is Presbycusis?(2)
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1. Old organ of corti
2. Less hearing |
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What is an acoustic neuroma?
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1. A vestibular schwannoma
2. A tumor of the myelin forming cells |
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What is Menier's Dz?(4)
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1. Increased endolymph pressure inside the organ of corti
2. Results in fluctuating hearing loss 3. Roaring tinnitus or spinning vertigo 4. Difficult to treat and results in hearing loss |
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How does Hyperacusis occur?
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1. Due to paralyzation of the stapedius muscle
2. Normally it dampens sound by restraining the stapes 3. CN 7 damage will cause this |
