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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ESTATES GENERAL OF THE UNITED PROVINCES
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Dutch republican government body - one among several republican govt. in Euro (Switz, Genoa, Venice and Engl. Cromwell). Dutch got independence confirmed at Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Of all republics of Euro - Dutch were most wealthy, most flourishing and most civilized. They had acquired pride in freedom and independence in struggle with Spain. They were able to rely on wealth, ready money, shipping and diplomacy. THE DUTCH HAD DEGREE OF WEALTH, COMFORT, INTELLECTUAL & ARTISTIC AS WELL AS COMMERCIAL ACHIEVEMENT UNEXCELLED IN EUROPE.
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ARMINIANS
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the followers of Arminius, a theologian of Leyden who favored a modification of Calvinism - toning down of predestination. Supported by burghers/middle class Dutchmen. The Calvinist synod met to deal with this Arminian heresy - even put one person to death - 1618. Moderates fled but by 1632 Arminians tolerated in United Provinces as well as Catholics and Jews. Even Mennonites tolerated. Minorities did not have same rights as Calvinist majority but they added to diversity and vibrancy of Dutch community. Given the intolerance in the rest of Europe at that time (Wars of Religion still raging) the Dutch Provinces were a magnet for the religiously persecuted.
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HUGO GROTIUS
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At the end of the Thirty Years War in neighboring Germany, Grotius wrote Law of War and Peace, pioneering treatise on international law. HG had fled to France at time of Arminian Heresy and Synod.
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BARUCH SPINOZA
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Spinoza was from family of refugee Portuguese Jews, a philosopher examining fundamentals of reality, human conduct, church and state. Made a living as lens grinder.
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CHRISTIAN HUYGHENS
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Dutch scientist, 1629-1695, worked mainly in physics and math. Improved telescope (Dutch Invention), made clocks with pendulums, discovered Saturn's rings, and launched wave theory of light.
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BANK OF AMSTERDAM
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1609 founded by Dutch. Since Euro money in chaos (debasing of coins by some) there was need for trustworthy banking institution. BofA accepted mixed money, assessed its gold value and at fixed rates of exchange, allowed depositors to withdraw equivalent amounts in gold florins minted by BofA. Became sought after reliable currency and allowed depositors to draw checks. Dutch government guaranteed deposits - BofA became financial center of Europe. Would remain so until French Revolution.
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HOUSE OF ORANGE
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Stadholder/leader for most provinces of Holland was usually from HofO. It has been prestigious since days of William the Silent(fought agnst Spain in reign of Philip II). Prince of Orange, in addition to being stadholder was also one of the feudal noblemen(military experts). When foreigners threatened invasion - power of stadholder increased as provinces sought his military leadership & protection. When all was calm and economic activity as usual in the provinces, the merchant/burgher class prevailed.
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WILLIAM OF ORANGE/WILLIAM III
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b.1650. From HofO and not seemingly destined for stadholder. Spoke many languages. He was a devout Calvinist. He married Mary, niece of King of England (Charles II) and Daughter of future King James II. Married her in 1677. He would ultimately become king of England through this marriage and as such ruled as William III after signing the Bill of Rights and ushering in Constitutionalism in England. He played an important role in defending the Dutch provinces against Louis XIV and would then stimulate alliances against France as king of England.
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NAVIGATION ACT
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passed by the revolutionary (during Commonwealth period) government in England in 1651. It was the first of series of political measure by which the British Empire was built. It was aimed against the Dutch carrying trade. It stated that imported products must come to England in English ships or ships from a country in which goods produced. Additionally, Brits claimed sovereignty in the Narrow Seas (aka the English Channel).
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ENGLISH-DUTCH WARS, 1652-1674
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indecisive wars over Navigation Acts during which the Engl. did annex New Amsterdam and rename it New York. The Dutch were simultaneously attacked by French - war of Devolution , 1667-8. LXIV claiming Sp. Netherlands and Franche Comte. The Dutch objected because Spanish Netherlands seen as buffer betwn them and France. The Dutch dropped the dispute with England and put Balance of Power mechanism into operation - allying with Brit and also with Sweden to form TRIPLE ALLIANCE.
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HEREDITARY STADHOLDERATE
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6 of 7 provinces of Holland voted to make stadholder office hereditary to House of Orange - led at the time by William of Orange (His ancestors had defended Northern Provinces against armies of Philip II of Spain in 1500s ) This move was because fear of outsiders (LXIV) & William tried to centralize his powers once in this position - model of day showed importance of strong central government thought this attempt of his resulted in uneasy feeling in REPUBLIC of Holland. The aim was to stave off French threat in the Dutch War, '72-78 though William sought Balance of Power policy against “universal monarchy.” He made alliance with Denmark, Brandenburg and even Austrian and Sp. Hapsburgs! The policy was successful because it wore down the French policy & led to the Treaty of Nimwegen
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THE TREATY OF NIMWEGEN
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1678 Ended Dutch war - gain for Fr. from Sp. and HRE was Franche Comte plus some towns in Flanders. Dutch preserved their territory intact. Within 10 years Wm. of O also becomes King of England and therefore able to bring England into combination against France and made it more a part of Euro politics and prevent Fr from dominating.
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REMBRANDT VAN RIJN
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Son of a miller; married into a wealthy family of municipal officials and found many patrons among wealthy, merchany/banking classes; One of a handful of Dutch painters to amass fortune through painting; Became a loner who quarreled with others in his old age; Dutch painter and etcher; later years were marked by financial hardship; taught nearly every important Dutch painter; did portraits of his contemporaries, self portraits, and a few illustrations of scenes from the Bible; portrayed himself without vanity; exhibited knowledge of classical iconography in both printmaking and painting; had a great knowledge of the Bible and empathy for the human condition
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JAN VERMEER
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Nowhere as prolific as his contemporary Rembrandt; We have identified only about 35 paintings by Vermeer; Known for his portrayals of intimate household scenes; Particularly, a master in the use of light in these scenes; Little is known about his personal life—“The Sphinx of Delft”; Thus, more license is given to speculation about it, as in the case of the recent book and film; Died bankrupt at 43 leaving widow and 11 children; Dutch baroque painter; specialized in painting domestic, interior scenes of middle class life; successful genre painter; was never wealthy because he produced relatively few paintings; used bright colors and expensive pigments; preferred cornflower blue and yellow; renowned for mastering the use of light in his work; modest, so became obscure after death
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FRANZ HALS
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He was especially noteworthy for being able to capture the moment as it happened; Dutch Golden Age painter; especially famous for portraiture; notable for his loose, painterly brushstroke; helped introduce this lively painting style into Dutch art
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