14-15

Front 1

Consists on motor neurons that innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands, makes adjustments and operates the subconscious control

Back 1

Automatic nervous system

Front 2

The automatic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system effectors, efferent pathways and ganglia, target organs responses to neurotransmitters

Back 2

.

Front 3

Somatic nervous system innervates ___________ muscles

Back 3

Skeletal

Front 4

The ANS intervates_______ muscle, ________ muscle, and ________

Back 4

Cardiac, smooth, glands

Front 5

Is a cell body in the CNS, and a single, thick myelinated group and axons extend into spinal and cranial nerves directly to skeletal muscles

Back 5

Somatic nervous system

Front 6

The ANS uses two motor neuron pathways called

Back 6

Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

Front 7

Cell body in the CNS with thin lightly myelinated preganglionic axon extending to ganglion

Back 7

Preganglionic neuron

Front 8

Cell body synapses with preganglionic axon in autonomic gangleon with nonmyelinated postganglionic acts on that extends to effector organs

Back 8

Postganglionic neuron

Front 9

All somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine and effect is always stimulatory

Back 9

.

Front 10

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release ACh and effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors

Back 10

.

Front 11

Two divisions of the ANS are

Back 11

Parasympathetic division and sympathetic division

Front 12

Promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy

Back 12

Parasympathetic division

Front 13

Mobilizes body during activity

Back 13

Sympathetic division

Front 14

All visceral organs are served by both divisions, but these divisions cause opposite effects

Back 14

Dual innervation

Front 15

This division keeps body energy used as low as possible, even while carrying out maintenance activities, also referred to as rest-and-digest system

Back 15

Parasympathetic division

Front 16

Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassing activities activates this division, also referred to as the fight-or-flight system

Back 16

Sympathetic division

Front 17

The three main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are site or origin, relative length of fibers, location of ganglia

Back 17

N

Front 18

Parasympathetic fibers originate in brain and sacral spinal cord, have long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers, and ganglia are located in or near the visceral effector organs

Back 18

P

Front 19

Sympathetic fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers, ganglia lie close to the spinal cord

Back 19

S

Front 20

Cranial nerve number 10 accounts for about 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body

Back 20

Vagus nerve

Front 21

This plexus slows heart rate

Back 21

Cardiac plexus

Front 22

This plexus serves lungs and bronchi

Back 22

Pulmonary plexus

Front 23

Form anterior and posterior vagal trunks that sends branches to stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and part of the large intestine

Back 23

Esophageal plexus

Front 24

Non myelinated postganglionic fibers

Back 24

Grey rami communicantes

Front 25

Myelinated preganglionic fibers

Back 25

White rami communicantes

Front 26

Sympathetic pathways with synapses in trunk ganglia = postganglionic axons enter ventral rami via grey rami communicantes

Back 26

H

Front 27

Supporting connective tissue for folds

Back 27

Tarsal plates

Front 28

The eyelids also called palpebrae are thin, skin covered folds that protect anteriorly and are separated at the palpebral fissure, and meet at medial and lateral commissures

Back 28

E

Front 29

Are located at medial commissure and contains oil and sweat glands

Back 29

Lacrimal caruncle

Front 30

is the transparent mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucous secretion

Back 30

Conjunctiva

Front 31

Membrane that lines underside of eyelid

Back 31

Palpebral conjunctiva

Front 32

Membrane that covers white of eyes, small blood vessels are found in this membrane

Back 32

Bulbar conjunctiva

Front 33

Space between palpebral and bulbar conjuntiva

Back 33

Conjunctival sac

Front 34

Consist of lacrimal gland and ducts that drain into nasal cavity

Back 34

Lacrimal apparatus

Front 35

Is located in orbit above lateral end of eye and secretes lacrimal secretions, a dilute saline solution containing mucous, antibodies, and antibacterial lysozyme

Back 35

Lacrimal gland

Front 36

Blinking spreads tears towards medial commissure, where they enter paired lacrimal canaliculi via lacrimal puncta, tears then drain into lacrimal sac and duct, which empties into nasal cavity

Back 36

Y

Front 37

Six straplike extrinsic eye muscles originate from bony orbit and insert on eyeball, enables eye to follow moving objects, four rectus muscles originate from common tendinous ring, two oblique myscles move eye in vertical plane and rotate eyeball

Back 37

.

Front 38

Opaque posterior region, protects and shapes eyeball, anchors extrinsic eye muscles. Posteriorly, where optic neeve exits, is continuous with dura mater of brain

Back 38

Sclera

Front 39

Transparent anterior fibrous layer, forms clear window that lets light enter and bends light as it enters eye

Back 39

Cornea

Front 40

The inner layer of this contains sodium pumps that help maintain clarity

Back 40

Cornea

Front 41

The outermost layer of eye; dense a vascular connective tissue, contains sclera ans cornea

Back 41

Fibrous layer

Front 42

Middle pigmented layer of eye, also called uvea and contains three regions choroid, collary body, and iris

Back 42

Vascular layer

Front 43

Posterior portion of uvea, supplies blood to all layers of eyeball, and brown pigment absorbs light to prevent scatter light

Back 43

Choroid region

Front 44

Anteriorly the choroid becomes this, it is a thickened ring of smooth tissue surrounding the lens.

Back 44

Ciliary body

Front 45

Capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid for anterior segment of eyeball. Ciliary zonule extends from ciliary processes to lens.

Back 45

G

Front 46

Colored part of eye that loes between cornea and lens, continuous with ciliary body

Back 46

Iris

Front 47

Central opening that regulates amount of light entering eye

Back 47

Pupil

Front 48

Close vision and bright light cause pupils to constrict; parasympathetic control

Back 48

X

Front 49

Distant vision and dim light cause pupils to dilate; sympathetic control

Back 49

G

Front 50

ACh is released by cholinergic fibers at all ANS preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons

Back 50

H

Front 51

NE is released by adrenergic fibers at almost all sympathetic postganglionic axons except those of sweat glands

Back 51

U

Front 52

Action potentials continually fire down axons of both divisions, producing a dynamic antagonistic interaction

Back 52

K

Front 53

Continual state of partial constriction blood vessels, also allows sympathetic system shunt blood where needed

Back 53

Sympathetic tone

Front 54

Parasympathetic division normally dominates heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs and activates most glands, these organs also exhibit parasympathetic tone where they're always slightly activated

Back 54

J

Front 55

Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, and almost all blood vessels receive only sympathetic fibers

Back 55

U

Front 56

Parasympathetic division tends to elect short-lived and high localized control over effectors, sympathetic division tend to be long-lasting with bodywide effects

Back 56

V

Front 57

ANS is under control of CNS centers in brainstem and spinal cord, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex

Back 57

E

Front 58

Brainstem reticular formation appears to exert most direct influence over ANS

Back 58

H

Front 59

Hypothalamic controls anterior regions direct parasympathetic functions; posterior region direct sympathetic

Back 59

U

Front 60

Cortical controls connections of hypothalamus to limbic lobe allow cortical influence on ANS

Back 60

I

Front 61

Is a pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by molecules of the medium

Back 61

Sound

Front 62

The number of waves that pass given point in a given time, pure tone has repeating crests and troughs

Back 62

Frequency

Front 63

Distance between two consecutive crests

Back 63

Wavelength

Front 64

Perception of different frequencies , higher the frequency equals higher the____

Back 64

Pitch

Front 65

Quality is the characteristic of sounds, most sounds are mixtures of different frequencies

Back 65

Q

Front 66

Amplitude is the height of crests. Amplitude perceived as loudness: subjective interpretation of sound intensity

Back 66

Y

Front 67

Impulses from hair cells in different positions along basilar membrane are interpreted by brain a specific pitches

Back 67

Perception of pitch

Front 68

Is determined by brain as an increase in the number of action potentials that result when hair cells experience larger deflections

Back 68

Detection of loudness

Front 69

Depends on relative intensity and relative timing of sound waves reaching both ears

Back 69

Localization of sound

Front 70

Equilibrium is response to various movements of head that rely on input from inner ear, eyes, and stretch receptors

Back 70

M

Front 71

Equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule

Back 71

Vestibular apparatus

Front 72

Sensory receptor organs that monitor static equilibrium, plays a key role in control of posture

Back 72

Maculae

Front 73

The external ear and middle ear are hearing only, internal ear is hearing and equilibrium

Back 73

6

Front 74

The external ear consist of two parts: auricle and external acoustic meatus

Back 74

Y

Front 75

Shell shaped structure surrounding ear canal that functions to final sound waves into auditory canal

Back 75

Auricle

Front 76

A short, curved to blind with six bearing hairs, sebaceous glands, and seruminous glands and transmits sound waves to eardrum

Back 76

External acoustic meatus

Front 77

Boundary between external and middle ear, a thin translucent connective tissue membrane, vibrates in response to sound, transfer sound energy to bones of middle ear

Back 77

Tympanic membrane

Front 78

A small, air-filled mucosa-lined cavity in temporal bone, contains oval and round membranous windows

Back 78

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

Front 79

Superior portion of middle ear

Back 79

Epitympanic recess

Front 80

Canal for communication with mastoid air cells in mastoid process

Back 80

Mastoid antrum

Front 81

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx, usually flattened tube but can be opened by yawning or swallowing to equalize pressure in middle ear cavity with external air pressure

Back 81

Pharyngotypanic tube

Front 82

Tympanic membrane cannot vibrate efficiently if pressures on both sides are not equal, sounds are then distorted

Back 82

J

Front 83

Three small bones in tympanic cavity that are named for their shape malleus, incus, stapes

Back 83

Auditory ossicles

Front 84

Malleus-the "hammer" is secured to eardrum

Incus- the "anvil"

Stapes-the "stirrup" base fits into oval window

Back 84

Y

Front 85

Synovial joints allow malleous to articulate with incus which articulates with stapes

Back 85

V

Front 86

Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract reflexively in response to loud sounds to prevent damage to hearing receptors

Back 86

S

Front 87

Also called labyrinth and located in temporal bone behind eye socket

Back 87

Internal ear

Front 88

System of tortuous canals and cavities that worm through the bone

Back 88

Bony labyrinth

Front 89

Series of membraneous sac and ducts contained in bony labyrinth; filled with potassium-rich endolymph

Back 89

Membranous labyrinth

Front 90

Central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrinth, contains two membraneous sacs that has equilibrium receptors regions that respond to gravity and changes in position of Head

Back 90

Vestibule

Front 91

Three canals oriented in three planes of space; anterior, lateral, and posterior. Receptors respond to angular movements of the head

Back 91

Semicircular canals

Front 92

A small spiral, conical, bony chamber, size of a split pea. Extends from vestibule, coils around bony pillar, contains cochlear duct, which houses spiral organs

Back 92

Cochlea

Front 93

Originates as an outpocketing of the brain and contains millions of photoreceptors cells that transduce light energy, neurons, and glial cells.

Back 93

Retina

Front 94

Has a delicate two layer membrane: outer pigmented layer, inner neural layer

Back 94

Retina

Front 95

Transparent layer that runs anteriorly to margin of ciliary body. Composed of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

Back 95

Neural layer in the retina

Front 96

Retina has a quarter-billion photoreceptors that are one of two types

Back 96

Rods

Cones

Front 97

Dim light, peripheral vision receptors, more sensitive to light, no color vision or sharp images

Back 97

Rod, inner layer of retina

Front 98

Vision receptors for bright light, high resolution color vision

Back 98

Cones

Front 99

The lens and ciliary zonule separate eye into two segments : posterior and anterior segment

Back 99

D

Front 100

Part of eye that contains vitreous humor

Back 100

Posterior segment

Front 101

A fluid in the eye that transmits light, supports posterior surface of lens, holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer, contributes to intraocular pressure

Back 101

Vitreous humor

Front 102

Part of eye that contains aqueous humor

Back 102

Anterior segment

Front 103

A plasma like fluid continuously formed by capillaries of ciliary process

Back 103

Aqueous humor

Front 104

Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular. Also changes shape to precisely focus light on retina

Back 104

Lens

Front 105

Anterior region of cuboidal cells that differentiate into lens fiber cells

Back 105

Lens epithelium

Front 106

Form bulk of lens and are filled with transparent protien crystallin

Back 106

Lens fibers

Front 107

Lens fibers are continually added, so lens becomes more dense, convex and less elastic with age

Back 107

U

Front 108

All energy waves, from long radio waves to short X rays; visible light occupies a small portion on the middle of the spectrum

Back 108

Electromagnetic radiation

Front 109

Packs of energy that travels in wavelike fashion at high speeds

Back 109

Light

Front 110

Bending of light rays, due to change in speed of light when it passees from one transparent medium to another and path of light is at an obligue angle

Back 110

Refraction

Front 111

Thicker in the center than at edges

Back 111

Convex

Front 112

Thicker at the edges than in the center

Back 112

Concave

Front 113

lenses disperse light, preventing light from being focused

Back 113

Concave

Front 114

Pathway of light enerting eye: cornea, aqueous humor, lens vitreous humor, entire neurtal layerof retina, and finally photoreceptors

Back 114

G

Front 115

Light is refracted 3 times along the pathway, entering cornea, entering lens and leave lens

Back 115

W

Front 116

Lens is able to adjust its curvature to allow for fine focusing, can focus for distant or close vision

Back 116

T

Front 117

Distance beyond which no chnage in lens shape is needed for focusing

Back 117

Far point of vision

Front 118

Axons of retinal ganglion form optic nerve

Back 118

P

Front 119

Medial fibers from each eye cross over at the optic chiasma then continue on as optic tracts

Back 119

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