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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define DNA |
molecule that carries genetic information |
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Define Nucleotide |
The basic unit of DNA |
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Define Chromosome |
A condensed unit of DNA Humans have 23 pairs/46 total |
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Define Genes |
A segment of DNA that carries instruction and information for traits |
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Define Locus |
Location of gene in chromosome |
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Asexual Reproduction Pros |
- Easy - Fast (in favourable conditions) - Doesn't take a lot of energy (already has all the nutrient it needs) |
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Asexual Reproduction Cons |
- greater chance that a large population will be wiped out due to identical genetics |
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Sexual Reproduction Pros |
- Genetically diverse - More chance of survival |
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Sexual Reproduction Cons |
- takes lots of energy - slow |
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What are the Mitosis phases? |
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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What happens in the Interphase of Mitosis? |
Cell rests and DNA begins to double |
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What happens in the Prophase of Mitosis? |
- DNA condenses into x- shaped chromosomes (sister chromatids with identical genetic make up) - Joined at centromere - Centrioles at opposite ends - Spindle fibres attach to centromeres |
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What happens in the Metaphase of Mitosis? |
Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell |
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What happens in the Anaphase of Mitosis? |
Sister chromatids separate (one copy to each side) |
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What happens in the Telophase of Mitosis? |
Sister chromatids are at opposite sides of the cell. Nuclear envelope begins to form (2 nuclei, 1 cell) |
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What is Cytokinesis? |
When cytoplasm content divides at the end of Mitosis, and two identical daughter cells are formed. |
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Cloning cons |
- hard to succeed (stress on egg and nucleus) - not understood completely |
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Applications of cloning |
- Insulin can be cloned and provided for people with diabetes |
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How many chromosomes are left compared to the parent cell after Meiosis has taken place? |
Half |
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When is the only time that meiosis takes place? |
Pre-conception |
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Two ways through meiosis to become genetically diverse |
- Crossing - over: physical crossing of chromosome arms between homologs (aka. one dad chromosome takes a little bit of mom) - Independent and random assortment: the arrangement of chromosomes during metaphase is random and independent (one child cell could get more mom than dad, etc.) |
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What is the whole point of meiosis? |
To create genetic diversity |
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Phases of Meiosis 1 |
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 |
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What occurs in Prophase 1 |
DNA condenses into x shaped chromosomes Homologs pair up and crossing over takes place |
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What occurs in Metaphase 1 |
Homolog pairs move to centre of cell |
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Homolog chromosome pairs are called ______ |
Tetrad |
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What occurs in Anaphase 1 |
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart Sister chromatids stay together Random arrangement |
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What occurs in Telophase 1 |
Each nucleus receives only 1 of each original pair The two cells only have 1 set of chromosomes |
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What occurs in Prophase 2 |
Haploid Cell One set of chromosomes with both chromatids |
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What occurs in Metaphase 2 |
Line up at centre of cell |
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What occurs in Anaphase 2 |
Sister chromatids are pulled apart |
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What occurs in Telophase 2 |
4 haploid daughter cells are created |
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What is a Karyotype? |
Individuals chromosomes that are sorted by type and size. Type - homologs together Size - longest to smallest |
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What kind of chromosomes are Autosomes |
Non - sex chromosomes |
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What pair are the sex chromosomes |
chromosomes that differ between male and female (23rd pair) |
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What is non-disjunction? |
Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis to give an abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells. |
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What is Trisomy? |
When there is an abnormal number of 3 chromosomes in a daughter cell. One gamete with 24 chromosomes. |
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What is Monosomy? |
When there is an abnormal number of 1 chromosome in a daughter cell. One gamete with 22 chromosomes. |
