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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Central Dogma The____ describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It explains how DNA is used to make RNA which is then used to make proteins. •It states that the master code of DNA is first used to synthesize RNA via a process called ____. •The information contained in the RNA is then used to synthesize proteins in a process called____. |
The Central Dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It explains how DNA is used to make RNA which is then used to make proteins. •It states that the master code of DNA is first used to synthesize RNA via a process called Transcription. •The information contained in the RNA is then used to synthesize proteins in a process called Translation. |
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DNA____RNA____Protein |
DNA Transcription RNA Transcription Protein |
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The Flow of Genetic Information RNA –____ •Single stranded molecule that can assume specialized forms. •RNA types:1.Messenger RNA (mRNA):____ 2.Transfer RNA (tRNA): ____3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):____ •RNA contains ____instead of ____and nucleotide contains ____. |
RNA –Ribonucleic Acid •Single stranded molecule that can assume specialized forms. •RNA types: 1.Messenger RNA (mRNA): direct copy from DNA 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): forms part of the ribosome•RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine and nucleotide contains ribose sugar. |
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Transcription –____RNA Polymerase – ____Binds to DNA at the ____ region and starts transcription. •Does not require a ____and unwinds DNA on its own. •Adds nucleotides in the ____ direction to synthesize a complimentary strand of mRNA. •Follows complimentary base pair rules except ____binds to ____for RNA.•Stops at the ____. |
Transcription –mRNA synthesis. The process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a template of DNA.RNA Polymerase –the enzyme responsible for transcription.•Binds to DNA at the Promoter region and starts transcription.•Does not require a helicase and unwinds DNA on its own.•Adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’direction to synthesize a complimentary strand of mRNA.•Followscomplimentarybase pair rules except adenine bindsto uracil for RNA. •Stops at the Termination Sequence. |
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•RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter region upstream of the gene.••RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides complementary to the template strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.•Uracil is used in place of Thymine.••RNA Polymerase falls off the DNA and stops transcription at the termination sequence. |
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Variations in the order and types will dictate the shape and function of the ___ |
Variations in the order and types will dictate the shape and function of the protein |
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Translation –____.tRNAs read the____codons •Initiated at the ____ start codon that is complimentary to the ____ tRNA anticod on •____ codes for the amino acid ____. •Translation ends in the presence of a termination or ____on the mRNA (____, ____, ____). |
Translation –protein synthesis. The process of decoding the mRNA code into a protein .tRNAs read them RNA codons•Initiated at the AUG start codon that is complimentary to the UAC tRNA anticod on•AUG codes for the amino acid methionine.•Translation ends in the presence of a termination or stop codon on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, UGA). |
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Genetic Code is Redundant:____possible triplet codons for ____amino acids. Genetic Code is Universal: ____. |
Genetic Code is Redundant: 64 possible triplet codons for 20 amino acids.Genetic Code is Universal: All organisms use the same code. |
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Differences in Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation •Nucleus Sequestered – Transcription occurs in the ____,translation occurs in the ____(____ or____)•____/ ____–Eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences of bases called ____that do not code for protein.____ are the coding regions of genes that will be translated into protein. •____ remove introns before translation. |
•Nucleus Sequestered – Transcription occurs in the nucleus,translation occurs in the ribosomes (free or bound)•Exons/Introns– Eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences of bases called introns that do not code for protein. Exons are the coding regions of genes that will be translated into protein.•Spliceosomes remove introns before translation. |
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•Mutations are changes in the genetic material. •____mutations occur constantly in all organisms’DNA. •____drastically increase the frequency of mutations.–____–____ &____ |
•Mutations are changes in the genetic material. •Spontaneous mutations occur constantly in all organisms’ DNA. •Mutagens drastically increase the frequency of mutations.–Chemicals–UV light & Radiation |
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Mutations can be ____ by a series of enzymes that remove the incorrect bases and add the correct ones. •The ____enzyme complex recognizes incorrect or defective bases and removes them. •The ____enzyme complex (____ and____) places the correct bases and seals the gaps. |
Mutations can be excised by a series of enzymes that remove the incorrect bases and add the correct ones. •The first enzyme complex recognizes incorrect or defective bases and removes them. •The second enzyme complex (DNA Polymerase I and ligase) places the correct bases and seals the gaps. |
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•A major form of gene regulation in prokaryotes is through a system called____. •____ –A coordinated set of genes, all of which are regulated as a ____. Permits genes for a particular metabolic pathway to be regulated in unison by the same regulatory element • Operons fall under two categories:–____ : Transcription from the operon is turned____ (____) by____.–____– Transcription from the operon isturned____ (____) bythe ____. |
•A major form of gene regulation in prokaryotes is through a system called operons. •Operon– A coordinated set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit.Permits genes for a particular metabolic pathway to be regulated in unison by the same regulatory element •Operons fall under two categories:–Inducible: Transcription from the operon is turned ON(induced) bysubstrate.–Repressible – Transcription from the operon isturnedOFF(repressed)by the product synthesized. |
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•The best understood cell system for explaining control through genetic induction. •The structural genes contain the enzymes needed to____. •Normally transcriptionis____. •____turns transcription from the operon____. •The Lac Operon is an ____Operon. |
•The best understood cell system for explaining control through genetic induction. •The structural genes contain the enzymes needed to catabolize lactose. •Normally transcription is off. •Lactose turn transcription from the operon ON. •The Lac Operon is an Inducible Operon. |
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The LacOperon has 3 important features: 1.____ –a genethatcodes for aprotein capable of repressingthe operon(____) 2.____–composedof 2areas, the ____ (recognizedby RNA Polymerase) and the ____ (a sequencethat acts as an____ fortranscription). 3.____– madeup of ____structuralgenescodingfor differentenzymesneeded to catabolizelactose.6/G |
1.Regulator – a gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon (a Repressor) 2.Control locus – composed of 2 areas, the Promoter (recognized by RNA Polymerase) and the Operator (a sequence that acts as an on/off switch for transcription). 3.Structural locus – made up of three structural genes coding for different enzymes needed to catabolize lactose. |
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•Lac repressoris synthesized in its____form. •Transcriptional default is ____. |
•Lac repressoris synthesized in its active form. Transcriptional default is off |
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The Lactose Operon Parts: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ |
Parts: Promoter Operator StructuralGenes Regulatory Gene Repressor Inducer |
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•The ____ (____) attaches to and inactivates the repressor,which loses its grip and falls away. •Turns transcription of the lacoperon structuralgenes____.Inactive Repressora |
•The Inducer (lactose) attaches to and inactivates the repressor, which loses its grip and falls away. •Turns transcription of the lacoperon structural genes ON.Inactive Repressor mso-f7) |
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The Arginine Operon •Bacterial systems for synthesis of amino acids, purines and pyrimidines work on a repression system. •Best example is the Arginine Operon •Structural genes contain the enzymes needed to____. •Normally transcription is____. •Arginine turns transcription of the operon____ •The Arg Operon is a ____Operon. |
•Bacterial systems for synthes is of amino acids, purines and pyrimidines work on a repression system. •Best example is the Arginine Operon •Structural genes contain the enzymes needed to synthesize arginine. •Normally transcription is on. •Arginine turns transcription of the operon OFF •The Arg Operon is a Repressible Operon. |
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The Arg Operon relavcnRyna?kI{ Parts: ___ ___ __ __ ___ ___ |
Parts: Promoter Operator Structural Genes Regulatory Gene Repressor Corepressor |
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•The argrepressor is synthesized in its ____ form. •Defaultis transcription ____. |
•The argrepressor is synthesized in its inactive form. •Defaultis transcription on. |
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TheArg Operon is repressed by Arginine flashcards/create •The ____ (____) activates the repressor when arginine accumulates in the cell. •The repressor complex then attaches to the operator and blocks____ •Presence of arginine turns transcription of the arg operon structural genes____. |
•The Corepressor (arginine) activates the repressor when arginine accumulates in the cell. •The repressor complex then attaches to the operator and blocks RNA Polymerase. •Presence of arginine turns transcription of the arg operon structural genes OFF |
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look at ppt 11 charts |
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