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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a species?
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kind of living thing
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What is the biological species concept?
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(sexual) one or more populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, and members are reproductively isolated from other groups.
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What is the definition based on for asexual species??
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biochemical (DNA sequence) and morphologial differences. no solid rules
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In asexual species, microevolution over time leads to...
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macroevolution (speciation)
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What is the evolutionary species concept?
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a single line of descent/lineage that maintains its distinctive identity from other lineages. works for all species
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What is classification based on? What are the two major approaches?
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inferred evolutionary relationships between organisms; cladistics and traditional taxonomy
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What is phylogeny?
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an evolutionary tree, it explains evolutionary relationships among groups (what evolved from what, in what order, and when)
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What is systematics?
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the study and reconstruction of phylogenies (doesn't name organisms, helps classify them)
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What is monophyletic?
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groups of organisms that includes most recent common ancestor and ALL DESCENDANTS
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What is paraphyletic?
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groups of organisms that includes most recent ancestor BUT NOT all descendants
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What is polyphyletic?
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groups of organisms that doesn't include most recent common ancestor
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What does cladistics group organisms by?
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on the basis of unique shared characters inherited from common ancestor (or derived character)
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What is a clade?
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a group of organisms related by descent
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What is synapomorphy?
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a derived character that is unique to and thus represents a phylogeny
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What is a cladogram?
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a branching diagram based on cladistic analysis that represents a phylogeny.
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What is a cladogram based on? Because of this, what must they have?
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based on comparative analysis, must have an outgroup and ingroup.
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What is an outgroup and ingroup of a cladogram?
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outgroup: an organism that is different from all others in the cladogram. it is expected to have split with the other from a common ancestor before the ingroup split from each other
ingroup: "the rest" |
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What does parsimonious mean?
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the one that requires the simplest explanation
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What kind of group does naming based on cladograms only allow for?
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monophyletic groups
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What does traditional taxonomy do?
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it weighs characters according to presumed biological or evolutionary significance.
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What is considered in traditional taxonomy? What does this allow for?
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line of descent, paraphyletic groups
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What are 5 characters useful for classification?
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1. morphology
2. nutrition mode 3. cell structure 4. chemistry 5. reproductive traits |
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The most widely accepted classification system today includes ____ domains and ____ kingdoms.
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3 domains
6 kingdoms |
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What are prokaryotic organisms?
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they don't have any internal membrane-bound organelles (no true cellular nucleus)
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In the Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria, how are organisms distinguished from other bacteria?
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mainly by ribosomal RNA sequence and lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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In Domain Bacteria, Kingson Eubacteria, how are the organisms defined best?
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prokaryotes that are not archaebacteria (ex - don't like extreme environments)
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What are photosynthetic prokaryotes vital for?
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putting energy into ecosystems
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What are decomposer prokaryotes vital for?
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recycling matter in ecosystems
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Domain Eukarya has what kind of organisms in it? What/how many kingdoms is in it?
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eukaryotes.
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia |
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Kingdom Protista has what kind of organisms in it? What are some examples?
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single celled and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei.
ex - protozoa, algae, water molds and slime molds |
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In Kingdom Fungi, organisms have cell walls that contain what? Are most single celled? What are two examples?
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cell walls contain chitin
most are MULTICELLULAR molds and yeasts |
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In Kingdom Plantae, do the organisms have organs? What is in their cell walls? What process is known for this kingdom?
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Yes
cellulose photosynthesis (chlorophyll) |
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In Kingdom Animalia, do organisms eat other organisms? Do their cells have walls? Are they mostly motile?
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yes
not really yes |
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What are three key characteristics of eukaryotes?
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1. evolution of eukaryotes involved endosymbiosis
2. true multicellularity 3.sexual reproduction by syngamy |
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What is endosymbiosis?
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an incorporation of Eubacteria cells into eukaryotes as mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What does true multicellularity mean?
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a body formed of cells which are in contact and coordinate activities)
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What is syngamy?
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(fertilization) fusion of gametes to form a zygote, first diploid cell for a diploid organism
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three things involved in eukaryotic sexual reproduction:
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1. meiosis (reduction division)
2. gametes 3. syngamy |
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What happens in meiosis?
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reduction division.
diploid (2N) cell produces one or more haploid (1N) cells. chromosome number halved |
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What are gametes?
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cells that must join to another cell before a new generation is produced
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What are three major types of life cycles?
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1. zygotic meiosis
2. gametic meiosis 3. alternation of generations with sporic meiosis |
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in zygotic meiosis, what happens? (to diploid zygote, haploid cells) Where/who is this found usually?
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dilpoid zygote never does mitosis
mitosis only in haploid cells, making haploid individuals protists |
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in gametic meiosis, what happens? (to zygote, making what?) What does meiosis produce? Who/what is this found in?
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zygote goes thru mitosis, making diploid individuals
meiosis produces gametes that never undergo mitosis found in most animals |
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What happens in alternation of generations with sporic meiosis? Where is this found?
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1. zygote thru mitosis =diploids
2. (some) diploids thru meiosis = haploid spores (sporic meiosis) 3. mitosis in haploid spores= haploids 4. some spores --> gametes --> syngamy = diploid zygote 5. == two bodies in one life cycle (two instances of mitosis in one life cycle) 6. FOUND IN plants and some algae |
