10/30 Anatomy Senses Chapt

Front 1

Semicircular canals are 3 semicircular tubes which project somewhat what direction from the vestibule?

Back 1

project somewhat posterior from the vestibule

Front 2

Semicircular canals project somewhat posterior from what structure?

Back 2

somewhat posterior from the vestibule

Front 3

What are three parallel running tubes of the cochlea?

Back 3

cochlear ducts

Front 4

Three ducts of cochlea

Back 4

Vestibular, cochlear, and tympanic duct

Front 5

the three ducts of the cochlea spiral up from what structure?

Back 5

spiral up from the oval window

Front 6

Vestibular duct is a.k.a

Back 6

a.k.a scala vestibuli

Front 7

Tube that joins & becomes continuous with tympanic duct at the top of the cochlea?

Back 7

Vestibular duct (scala vestibuli)

Front 8

Middle duct/tube where the soundwave is transduced (converted) into nerve cell signals

Back 8

Cochlear duct where sounds are converted

Front 9

Transduced

Back 9

converted = transduced

Front 10

Spiral organ of Corti

Back 10

Complex organ of hearing in cochlea

Front 11

Complex organ of hearing in cochlea?

Back 11

Spiral organ of corti

Front 12

Tympanic duct is a.k.a

Back 12

a.k.a scala tympani

Front 13

Tube that is continuous with the vestibular duct at the top of the cochlea & ends down at the round window membrane

Back 13

Tympanic duct is tube continuous with vestibular duct

Front 14

A balloon-like membrane within the bony labyrinth that is an exact replica of it?

Back 14

Membranous labyrinth is that balloon-like membrane

Front 15

Membraneous labyrinth is a balloon-like membrane within what structure?

Back 15

Membrane within the bony labyrinth

Front 16

What does "ampullae" mean?

Back 16

Ampullae = "expanded bases"

Front 17

What are the expanded bases of the semicircular canals called?

Back 17

Ampullae = expanded bases

Front 18

What two structures together are analogous to an inner tube within a tire?

Back 18

The membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth are like an inner tube within a tire.

Front 19

Which labyrinth is like an inner tube?

Back 19

Membranous labyrinth

Front 20

The labyrinths of the inner ear are like an inner tube within a tire. Which labyrinth is like the surrounding tire?

Back 20

Bony labyrinth is like the tire

Front 21

What structure in the inner ear can be compared to cave walls?

Back 21

Bony labyrinth is like cave walls

Front 22

Endolymph

Back 22

A fluid filling the membranous labyrinth: endolymph

Front 23

A fluid in the small space between the membranous labyrinth & the bony labyrinth surrounding it?

Back 23

Perilymph is that fluid

Front 24

Where is perilymph?

Back 24

In the small space between the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth

Front 25

Path of sound waves through the structures of the ear all the the oval window

Back 25

Path of sound waves:
External auditory canal →
vibrate tympanic membrane →
vibrate three ossicles of middle ear →
vibrates oval window

Front 26

Path of sound waves through the structures of the ear: from the oval window to the endolymph.

Back 26

Sound waves vibrate oval window →
move perilymph of inner ear chambers →
liquid waves travel up vestibular duct and down tympanic duct →
make more waves in the endolymph of Cochlea.

Front 27

Path of sound waves through the structures of the ear: from the endolymph to the round window

Back 27

Makes liquid waves in the endolymph of cochlea →
bends hair cells on basilar membrane →
hairs move against overlying tectorial membrane →
electrical signals go along cochlear nerve →
energy of liquid waves dissipates through tympanic duct fluid and the round window

Front 28

Sound waves enter the external auditory canal as what?

Back 28

enter as vibrations of air

Front 29

Why do ossicles of middle ear vibrate from sound waves?

Back 29

They vibrate to amplify the sound

Front 30

Where does transduction of sound waves to liquid waves occur?

Back 30

Occurs when the perilymph of the inner ear chambers moves

Front 31

When in the hearing process might you be reminded of a boat on a lake with gentle waves?

Back 31

When cilia-like structures on the hair cells on the basilar membrane are bent/activated as the cells move up & down against an overlying tectorial membrane

Front 32

What structures in the ear sense frequency of sound?

Back 32

The hair cells on the basilar membrane are frequency tuned/specific

Front 33

Which nerve is a branch of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve VIII that carries out electrical signals from hair cells on basilar membrane?

Back 33

Cochlear nerve is a branch of the vestibulocochlear

Front 34

what is the second of the ear's two membrane-covered windows?

Back 34

The round window.
(the eardrum isn't a window)

Front 35

Location of equilibrium sensory receptors?

Back 35

These receptors are in vestibule and semicircular canals

Front 36

What two structures make up the vestibular apparatus?

Back 36

Vestibular apparatus is the vestibule and the semicircular canals

Front 37

Receptors of the vestibule are located in what 2 small sacs?

Back 37

Two small sacs the vestibule: utricle & saccule

Front 38

What structure sense static equilbrium?

Back 38

Vestibule senses static equil

Front 39

The vestibule monitors the position of the head when its still & straight up when vs. tilted. Which kind of equilibrium is this?

Back 39

static equilibrium is still head vs. tilted

Front 40

What structure has equilibrium receptors in three small expansions called ampullae?

Back 40

Semicircular canals have three small expansions called ampullae

Front 41

Ampullae are three small expansions of what structures?

Back 41

expansions of the membranous labyrinths

Front 42

What structure senses dynamic equilibrium?

Back 42

The semicircular canals sense dynamic equil

Front 43

Sense of movement when body is being rotated or changing from a still position to linear movement in one direction?

Back 43

Dynamic equilibrium

Front 44

In the inner ear, there are ciliated receptor cells with cilia embedded in overlying gelatinous structures. What sense of equilibrium do they work on?

Back 44

They do the sense of equilibrium

Front 45

Head and body movements cause two things to happen in the inner ear for the sense of equilibrium.

Back 45

These movements cause perilymph movements, which cause cilia of hair receptors to bend.

Front 46

What two structures do perilymph movements travel through?

Back 46

Travel through the vestibule and semicircular canals

Front 47

Degree and direction of head tilt and/or head/body movement are the stimuli for what structures?

Back 47

Stimulate cilia of hair receptor cells to bend

Front 48

When cilia of hair receptor cells bend, they activate electrical signals in what nerve? (Give number, too.)

Back 48

Activate signals in the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve (VIII)

Front 49

Vestibular nerve joins what other nerve?
Together, they form what cranial nerve?

Back 49

Vestibular nerve joins cochlear nerve. Together, they form the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Front 50

What structure develops as an outpocketing of the brain?

Back 50

Eye develops as such an outpocketing

Front 51

What do we call the part of the skull where the eyes are located?

Back 51

Bony orbits hold the eyes

Front 52

Function of blinking

Back 52

blinking lubricates the eyes with tears and thin lubricating fluid

Front 53

Thin mucous lining of inner eyelid that loops/folds over & attaches to the eye surface

Back 53

Conjuctiva is the thin mucous lining

Front 54

Conjunctiva loops/folds over and attaches to the eye surface. This loops form a structure called what?

Back 54

Loop forms a conjuctival sac

Front 55

Conjuctiva covers the anterior portion of eye up to the edge of what structure?

Back 55

up to the edge of the cornea

Front 56

The cells of which structure of the eye produce a lubricating mucous?

Back 56

cells of conjuctiva produce mucous

Front 57

What eye structure undergoes thinning and drying in old age?

Back 57

Conjuctiva thins and dries

Front 58

Why do the blood vessels of the eye sometimes become enflamed and enlarged during old age?

Back 58

Because the conjuctiva undergoes thinning and drying in old age

Front 59

In old age, thinning and drying of the conjuctiva causes inflamed blood vessels. What would a layperson call this condition?

Back 59

They would call this "dry eyes"

Front 60

Lacrimal apparatus

Back 60

lacrimal apparatus:
Lacrimal glands + lacrimal canaliculi/sacs/ducts

Front 61

Two functions of tears?

Back 61

Lubricates & moistens conjuctiva/eye

Contains infection-fighting enzymes

Front 62

Function of eyelashes & eyebrows

Back 62

Keep foreign debris out

Front 63

two types of eye muscles

Back 63

extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles

Front 64

what are the extrinsic eye muscles attached to?

Back 64

attached to the outside surface of the eye

Front 65

function of extrinsic eye muscles

Back 65

Move the eye

Front 66

Where are the intrinsic eye muscles?

Back 66

within the eye

Front 67

intrinsic eye muscles regulate what two structures?

Back 67

regulate the pupil and lens

Front 68

what muscle regulates the pupil, and where is this muscle?

Back 68

Iris muscle surrounds the pupil to regulate it

Front 69

Why does the iris muscles regulate the pupil?

Back 69

To control light input

Front 70

What muscle regulates the lens?

Back 70

Ciliary body/muscle regulates the lens

Front 71

What muscle surrounds the lens?

Back 71

The ciliary body surrounds the lens

Front 72

What structure controls the focus of what is seen on the retina at the back of the eye?

Back 72

Lens controls the focus

Front 73

Which set of eye muscles are voluntary?

Back 73

Extrinsic eye muscles are voluntary

Front 74

Where are the voluntary muscles of the eye attached?

Back 74

attached to outer surface of the eye

Front 75

How many extrinsic eye muscles are there?

Back 75

6 extrinsic muscles

Front 76

Which set of eye muscles are "ribbon-like"?

Back 76

extrinsic eye muscles

Front 77

Origin of extrinsic muscles?

Back 77

bones of the orbit of the skull

Front 78

Insertion of extrinsic eye muscles

Back 78

Sclera of the eye

Front 79

Outer tough whitish coat of the eye?

Back 79

Sclera is tough whitish coat

Front 80

Functions of extrinsic eye muscles? (two fancy words)

Back 80

Functions:
Convergence
Stereoscopic vision

Front 81

Extrinsic eye muscles pull on the eyeballs in a coordinated fashion to focus the eyes on one visual field. What is this process called?

Back 81

convergence

Front 82

An image comes from a slightly different angle to each retina enabling depth perception. What is this kind of vision called?

Back 82

Stereoscopic (3-D) vision

Front 83

Depth perception is a result of what kind of vision?

Back 83

Stereoscopic vision

Front 84

The intrinsic eye muscles

Back 84

Iris and ciliary body

Front 85

What muscles control pupil diameter?

Back 85

Iris muscles

Front 86

What action in the eye could remind one of a camera or microscopic diaphragm?

Back 86

how the iris muscles control pupil diameter

Front 87

Pupil

Back 87

opening in the iris

Front 88

2 iris muscles

Back 88

circular muscle and radial muscle

Front 89

Which iris muscle surrounds the pupil?

Back 89

circular muscle surrounds

Front 90

which iris muscles extends from the edge of the pupil like spokes of a wheel?

Back 90

radial muscle

Front 91

The radiating ciliary processes and ciliary muscle make up what structure together?

Back 91

Make up ciliary body

Front 92

Thickened ring of muscle with an opening the size of the iris?

Back 92

Ciliary body

Front 93

Ciliary body surrounds & attaches to the lens via the WHAT?

Back 93

via the sensory ligaments

Front 94

What does the ciliary body do to the lens to focus the light image on the retina?

Back 94

adjusts the shape and hence the thickness of the lens

Front 95

Why change the shape and thickness of the lens?

Back 95

In order to focus the light image on the retina

Front 96

Ciliary body adjusts the shape & thickness of the lens to focus the light image on the retina. What is the process called?

Back 96

Accomodation

Front 97

How do you spell the process of adjusting the shape and thickness of the lens?

Back 97

AccomOdation