(1) The Urinary System

Front 1

kidneys

Back 1

regulate:
plasma ionic composition
plasma volume
plasma osmolarity
plasma H+ ion concentration (pH)
Removal of metabolic waste products and foreign substances from the plasma

Front 2

Regulation of plasma ionic composition

Back 2

By increasing or decreasing specific ions in the urine, the kidneys regulate the concentration of these ions in the plasma.
Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, CI-, bicarbonate, and phosphates

Front 3

Regulation of plasma volume

Back 3

By controlling the rate of water which is excreted in the urine, the kidney regulate ________ __________, which has a direct effect on total blood volume, and blood pressure.

Front 4

Reg. of plasma osmolarity

Back 4

Because the kidneys vary the rate at which they excrete water relative solute

Front 5

Reg. of plasma H+ ion concentration (pH)

Back 5

By regulating the bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the ions in the plasma, the kidneys partner w/the lungs to reg. the pH of the blood.

Front 6

Removal of metabolic waste products and foreign substances from the plasma

Back 6

clear the plasma of waste products and eliminate them from the body (excretion)

metabolic wastes include: urea and uric acid that are generated during protein and nucleic acid catabolism and foreign substances such as food additives, drugs, pestisides.

Front 7

interstitial fluid

Back 7

The kidneys regulate the volume and composition of the plasma they are regulate the volume and composition of ___________ _______.

Front 8

volume
composition

Back 8

The kidneys regulate the _______ and ___________ of all the body's fluids.

Front 9

kidney secondary functions

Back 9

endocrine organ - secretes erythropoetin & renin (enzyme)
activate vitamin D3
During periods of fasting, maintains a steady supply of plasma glucose by gluconeogenesis.

Front 10

urinary system

Back 10

The _______ _______ consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and a urethra.

Front 11

renal arteries

Back 11

The kidneys receive their blood supply from the _____ _______, which branch off the aorta and enter each kidney at a region called renal hilus.

Front 12

20%

Back 12

Despite their small fraction of body weight, the kidneys receive about ___ of the cardiac output under normal resting conditions.

Front 13

because it provides them with O2 and nutrients

because it enables the kidneys to remove unneeded solutes and water from the blood at a rapid rate and eliminate them as urine.

Back 13

Why is the rich blood supply so important to kidney function?

Front 14

renal veins

Back 14

The blood returns to the general circulation via the ______ _____, which run parallel to the renal arteries and drain into the inferior vena cava.

Front 15

cortex

Back 15

reddish-brown area
outer layer of kidney

Front 16

medulla

Back 16

dark
inner region of kidney
stripped appearance
renal pyramids
papillae (papilla)
collecting ducts

Front 17

renal pyramids
papillae (papilla)
minor calcyes

Back 17

The medulla is subdivided into a number of conical sections called ______ ________. At the tips of the renal pyramids, called ________, tubule called collecting ducts drain into common passageways called _____ _______.

Front 18

major caylces
renal pelvis

Back 18

The minor calyces converge to form 2-3 larger passageways called ______ _______, which drain into a single funnel-shaped passage called the ________ ________, the initial portion of the ureter.

Front 19

nephrons

Back 19

found in the renal pyramids

are the functional units of the kidneys
filter the blood and form the urine.
has a renal tube

Front 20

renal tubule

Back 20

The most obvious feature of a nephron is a long, coiled tube that forms a hairpin loop about midway along it length.

Front 21

renal tubule
collecting ducts

Back 21

During urine formation, the fluid flows through the ______ _______ where the fluid is modified. The fluid from the individual tubules eventually drains into a set of common passageways called ___________ ______.

Front 22

modified
urine

Back 22

In the collecting ducts, the fluid is further _________, and is called ________.

Front 23

a renal corpuscle (filters blood)
a renal tubule (filtrate travels through here and becomes modified in form of urine)

Back 23

What is an individual nephron composed of? (2)

Front 24

bowman's capsule
glomerulus

Back 24

What does a renal corpuscle consist of? (2)

Front 25

bowman's capsule

Back 25

a spherical structure at the inflow end of the renal tubule.

Front 26

glomerulus

Back 26

a tuft of capillaries

Front 27

Renal corpuscle

Back 27

where the blood is filtered & where tubular fluid, filtrate, has its origin.

Front 28

afferent arteriole

Back 28

Before the blood is filtered, it enters the glomerular capillaries via an ___________ __________.

Front 29

glomerular filtration

Back 29

As the blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, protein-free plasma filters across the walls of the capillaries into Bowman's capsule by a process called ___________ ___________.

Front 30

efferent arteriole

Back 30

The remaining blood leaves the glomerulus via an _________ __________.

Front 31

glomerular filtration

Back 31

This arrangement of two arterioles in series with a capillary bed btwn them is unique to the renal corpuscle and allows greater regulation of __________ _________.

Front 32

sympathetic
smooth muscle

Back 32

The walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles contains _______ _______ that can contract or relax in response to input from the __________ nervous system, thereby regulating their diameterand thus glomerular filtration.

Front 33

proximal convoluted tubule
proximal straight tubule

Back 33

As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from Bowman's capsule to the initial portion of the renal tubule, called the _________ __________ _______ because of its proximity to the capsule and its highly folded or convoluted structure, and then to the __________ ________ ________.

Front 34

Proximal tubules
loop of Henle

Back 34

The _________ ________ empty into the ______ ___ ______, which is divided into 3 parts.
1. the descending limb
2. the thin ascending limb
3. the thick ascending limb

Front 35

descending limb

Back 35

The __________ _____ is a thin tubule leading from the proximal tubule and extending into the renal medulla.

Front 36

thin ascending limb

Back 36

At the tip of the loop, the tubule reverses direction, becoming the _____ _________ ____, which extends towards the cortex.

Front 37

thick ascending limb

Back 37

As the tubule approaches the cortex, it widens into the _____ _________ _____.

Front 38

distal convoluted tubule

Back 38

From the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the fluid flows into the ______ __________ ________, which resembles the proximal tubule in appearance but is considerably shorter.

Front 39

connecting tubule

Back 39

The fluid then enters a short, straight terminal portion of the nephron, called the __________ ________, which joins the nephron with the collecting duct.

Front 40

minor calyces

Back 40

Several tubules empty their fluid into a single collecting duct. The collecting ducts then empty into the _______ ______.

Front 41

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 41

At a site where the initial portion of the distal tubule comes into contact with a nephron's afferent and efferent arterioles is a structure called the ____________ _________.

Front 42

macula densa
granular cells

Back 42

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus components? (2)

Front 43

macula densa

Back 43

a specialized cluster of the tubule's epithelial cells

Front 44

granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

Back 44

specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles that have granular cytoplasms due to the presence of numerous secretory granules containing a product called renin.

Front 45

BV and BP

Back 45

The juxtaglomerular apparatus plays an important role in regulating ______ _______ and ______ _________.

Front 46

segmental arteries
interlobular arteries
arcuate arteries

Back 46

Within the kidney, the renal artery branches into _________ ________, which branch into a number of smaller ___________ ________ that feed into another set of arteries called ________ _______.

Front 47

interlobular arteries

Back 47

The arcuate arteries then branch into ___________ ________, from which blood is carried to individual nephrons by the afferent arterioles, which lead into the glomerular capillary beds.

Front 48

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
loops of Henle

Back 48

Coming off each of the glomerular capillary beds is the efferent arteriole, which then gives rise to one of two types of capillary beds: __________ __________, which branch from the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons and are located close to the renal tubules, and ____ _____, which branch from the efferent arterioles of juxtaglomerular nephrons and networks of blood vessels forming hairpin loops that along the _____ __ ______ and collecting ducts, dipping deep into the renal medulla.

Front 49

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
arcuate vins
parallel

Back 49

The _________ _________ and _____ _____ drain into the interlobular veins. From here, blood is carried away from nephrons by the _______ ______, and then interlobar veins, which run ________ to their respective arterial counterparts, eventually into the renal vein.