1 A Uhcl Biochem Ii Exam3.1 - L3 Amino Acid Catabolism

Front 1

In Humans
1) ### Essential AA.
2) ### Conditionally Essential AA.
3) ### breakdown pathways for each AA.

Back 1

1) 9
2) 6
3) 20

Front 2

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
converge into a few terminal pathways giving mainly...
1) *** (used for new glucose)
2) *** (TCA Cycle)
3) *** (TCA Cycle)

Back 2

1) pyruvate
2) acetyl-S-CoA
3) TCA cycle intermediates

Front 3

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
1) *** type AAs give rise to new glucose.
2) *** type AAs give rise to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA.

Back 3

1) Glucogenic
2) Ketogenic

Front 4

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
Solely Ketogenic AAs....
1) *** gives product acetyl-CoA.
2) *** gives product acetoacetyl-CoA.
3) which can enter *** or create ***.

Back 4

1) Lysine
2) Leucine
3) TCA Cycle --- Ketone Bodies

Front 5

--- AA Breakdown ---
1) Step 1 is performed by the enzyme *** (AKA ***).
2) Amino-Acid/Keto-Acid pair utilized is *** and ***.

Back 5

1) Aminotransferases (AKA transaminases)
2) Glutamate and α-KetoGlutaric Acid

Front 6

The AA *** has a central role ammonia assimilation.

Back 6

Glutamate

Front 7

Enzyme *** *** catalyzes net removal of N from AA pool.
1) One of few enzymes using........ as e-acceptor.
2) α-Carbon Oxidation is followed by ***, releasing ***.

Back 7

Glutamate Dehydrogenase
1) NAD+ or NADP+
2) hydrolysis --- NH4+

ammonium

Front 8

--- Excretion of Ammonia ---
1) Kidney use GLDH and *** to form ammonia.
2) Non-Kidney Tissues use GLDH and *** to form urea.
3) Hepatic Tissues converts *** to ***.

Back 8

1) glutamINase
2) glutamINE synthetase
3) ammonia to urea

NH3 to CO(NH2)2

Front 9

--- Excretion of Ammonia ---
1) Normal serum concentrations are ### to ### mM .
2) Levels above ### mM causes alkalosis and neurotoxicity.

Back 9

1) 20-40 mM
2) 400 mM

Front 10

--- Excess Ammonia [NH3] ---
1) Enzyme ***: [NH3] + glutamATE >>> glutamINE.
Back-Up Plan 2
2) Reversal of Enzyme ***: [NH3] + α-ketoglutarate >>> glutamATE.
3) Low levels of α-ketoglutarate impairs ***.

Back 10

1) glutamINE synthase
2) GLDH (glutamATE dehydrogenase)
3) TCA Cycle

Front 11

*** is a neurotransmitter and precursor for GABA.

Back 11

Glutamate

Front 12

Glutamine contains a *** group at its terminal end.

Back 12

CONH2

Front 13

Glutamate contains a *** group at its terminal end.

Back 13

COOH

Front 14

Glutamic Acid is AKA ***.

Back 14

Glutamate

Front 15

GLDH?

Back 15

GLutamate DeHydrogenase

Front 16

--- Urea Cycle Enzymes ---
1) Mitochondria uses...
2) Cytosol uses...

Back 16

1) OTC (Ornithine TransCarbamoylase)
2)
ASS (ArgininoSuccinate Synthase)
ASL (ArgininoSuccinate Lyase)
Arginase

Front 17

--- Regulation of Urea Cycle ---
1) High concentrations of *** increases flux thru urea cycle.
It stimulates synthesis of N-acetylglutamate which is an
2) allosteric activator of the enzyme ***.

Back 17

1) arginine

2) CPSI

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

Front 18

1) Alanine is converted to *** as the
2) amino group is transferred to ***
3) VIA the enzymatic action of ***.

Back 18

1) pyruvate
2) α-ketoglutarate
3) Aminotransferase

Front 19

CPSI?

Back 19

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

Front 20

Glutaminase is an enzyme generating *** from ***.

Back 20

glutamATE from glutamINE