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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4a) Compare and contrast the assumptions and predictions of the MWC and KNF models.
--- ASSUMPTION --- - MWC - 1a) ....are... 1b) ....does... 1c) ....to... -- KNF -- 2a) ...can... 2b) ....does... --- COMPARISON --- MWC vs KNF 3a) ... VS ... 3b) ...or... VS ...or... 3c) H***: ... VS ... 3d) H***: ... VS ... 3e) T***: ... VS ... |
4a) Compare and contrast the assumptions and predictions of the MWC and KNF models.
--- ASSUMPTION --- -- MWC -- 1a) ALL protomers are in either R-form OR T-form. 1b) Binding of S doesn't alter affinities of other binding sites. 1c) Substrate binds preferentially to the R-form. -- KNF -- 2a) Protomers can exist in any combination of R and T-forms. 2b) Binding of S alters affinities of other binding sites. --- COMPARISON --- MWC vs KNF 3a) 1965 VS. 1966 3b) Concerted or Symmetry Model VS. Sequential or Induced Fit Model 3c) Homotropic Cooperativity: Accounts for positive VS. positive & negative 3d) Hybrids: Excludes VS. Includes 3e) T to R transition: Concerted/Simultaneously Process VS. Sequential Process |
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4b) Discuss mammalian ethanol metabolism pathways and the theoretical maximum ATP produced in each.
--- --- Theoretical ATP production --- --- 1) A*** 2) C*** / *** 3) C*** --- --- Substrates VS Products --- --- A) --In LIVER -- Ethanol ⇌ *** + Aa) A*** -------------- *** ⇌ *** Ab) C*** / **** ------- *** ⇌ *** Ac) C*** -------------- *** ⇌ *** B) -- In MITOCHONDRIA -- Ba) A*** -------------- *** ⇌ *** Bb) A*** -------------- *** ⇌ *** a and into... --- --- Misc Notes --- --- --- --- Misc Notes --- --- 1) ***(ADH) --- Located... 2) ***(CYT P-450) or ***(MEOS) --- Located... --- ***... rather than... --- Classified as a.... that.... --- Humans have.... and.... 3) C*** --- Located.... 4) *** (ALDH) --- Located... |
4b) Discuss mammalian ethanol metabolism pathways and the theoretical maximum ATP produced in each.
--- --- Theoretical ATP production --- --- 1) ADH –Acetyl-S-CoA synthesis >>> -2 –(2) NADH >>> 5 –Acetyl-S-CoA >>> 10 –Total >>>>>> 13 ATP 2) CYT P-450 / MEOS –Acetyl-S-CoA synthesis >>> -2 –NADP+ >>> -2.5 –NADH >>> 2.5 –Acetyl-S-CoA >>> 10 –Total >>>>>> 8 ATP 3) Catalase –Acetyl-S-CoA synthesis >>> -2 –NADH >>> 2.5 –Acetyl-S-CoA >>> 10 –Total >>>>>> 10.5 ATP --- --- Substrates VS Products --- --- A) --In LIVER -- Ethanol ⇌ Acetaldehyde + Aa) ADH ------------------------------------------ NAD+ ⇌ NADH + H+ Ab) CYT P-450 / MEOS ------ NADPH + O2 + H+ ⇌ (2) H2O + NADP+ Ac) Catalase -------------------------------------- H2O2 ⇌ (2) H2O B) -- In MITOCHONDRIA -- Ba) ALDH --- H2O + Acetaldehyde + NAD+ ⇌ NADH + Acetate + H+ Bb) Acetyl-CoA synthetase ---- Acetate + CoASH + ATP ⇌ Acetyl-S-CoA + AMP + PPi and into TCA Cycle --- --- Misc Notes --- --- 1) Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) --- Located in LIVER Cytosol 2) Cytochrome P-450 (CYT P-450) or Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS) --- Located in LIVER smooth ER --- Consumes NADPH rather than produces NADH --- Classified as a mixed-function oxidase that catalyzes a wide range of reactions --- Humans have 18 families and 43 subfamilies: 3) Catalase --- Located in LIVER Perixosomes 4) Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) --- Located in LIVER Mitochondria |
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4c) What information do the following kinetic constants provide us? Also, provide example typical units for each.
i) KM a) Units - *** b) Quantitative Range - ### (**E** for **S** in ***) to ### (**E**) c) Information --- doesn't depend on... --- Index of... --- Giving insight into... --- I*** s*** c*** --- *** function --- presence of... --- characteristics of.... ii) Vmax a) Units - *** c) Information --- AKA (***) --- maximum *** of *** @ *** *** --- depends on.... --- estimates amount of.. iii) kcat a) Units - (***) or (***.***) b) Quantitative Range - ### (**E** and **S**) to ### (**E**and **S**) c) Information --- AKA *** *** ( ***/*** ) --- estimates the *** *** of e*** r*** c*** per.... iv) Specificity constant a) Units - (***) or (1/***) b) Quantitative Range- Typical ### for **E**(***) and **S** c) Information --- AKA (***) --- best *** estimate for how *** an *** c***....... --- |
4c) What information do the following kinetic constants provide us? Also, provide example typical units for each.
i) KM a) Units - M b) Quantitative Range - 0.05mM (Hexokinase for D-Glucose in brain) to 108mM (Chymotrypsin) c) Information --- doesn't depend on amount of enzyme present --- Index of enzyme-substrate affinity --- Giving insight into... --- Intracellular substrate concentration --- enzyme function --- presence of isoenzymes --- inhibitor characteristics ii) Vmax a) Units - M.s-1 c) Information --- AKA ( k2[ET] ) --- maximum reaction rate of system @ substrate saturation --- depend on the amount of enzyme present --- estimate amounts of an enzyme in tissues iii) kcat a) Units - (sec-1) or (molecules.sec-1) b) Quantitative Range - 0.5 (RecA protein and ATP) to 40 million (Catalase and H2O2) c) Information --- AKA turnover number ( Vmax/[Et] ) --- estimates the maximum number of enzymatic reactions catalysed per enzyme per second. iv) Specificity constant a) Units - (M-1.sec-1) or (1/M.s) b) Quantitative Range- Typical 160 million for Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and acetylcholine c) Information --- AKA ( kcat/KM ) --- best real-world estimate for how efficiently an enzyme converts Substrate into Product. |
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--- Ethanol Metabolism PATHWAY ---
1) First pathway(3 ways) gives Ethanol ⇌ *** 2) then mitochondrial ALDH gives ⇌ *** 3) which is converted into *** by 4) enzyme *** & injected into TCA cycle. |
1) Acetaldehyde
2) Acetate 3) Acetyl-S-CoA 4) Acetyl-CoA synthetase |
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--- Mammalian Gluconeogenesis PATHWAY ---
1) Gluconeogenesis only uses these substrates(and things feeding into them) 2) It cannot use these... |
1) pyruvate and Oxaloacetic acid
2) ethanol |
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--- Animal Cell PATHWAY ---
ETHANOL to GLUCOSE 1) How many Intermediates? 2) Pathway Intermediates? |
ethanol cannot serve as a precursor of new glucose in animals
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--- Animal Cells PATHWAY ---
GLYCOGEN to LACTIC ACID 1) How many Intermediates? 2) Pathway Intermediates? |
1) 4
2) GLYCOGEN : main product of its breakdown is... glucose-1-P: is isomerized to... glucose-6-P: goes through glycolysis forming... glycolysis intermediates: that end up producing... pyruvate: serves as a final electron acceptor forming... LACTIC ACID ((((GLYCOGEN > glucose-1-P > glucose-6-P > steps in glycolysis > pyruvate > LACTIC ACID)))) |
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--- Animal Cells PATHWAY ---
GALACTOSE to synthesis of new GLYCOGEN 1) How many Intermediates? 2) Pathway Intermediates? |
1) 2
2) GALACTOSE > UDP-galactose > UDP-glucose > GLYCOGEN |
