1 A Uhcl Biochem Ii Exam1.1 - All Other Questions

Front 1

--- TCA Cycle ---
Mnemonic for its MOLECULES...
# of words?

Back 1

1) Citrate Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate
2) "Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?"

8

Front 2

--- TCA Cycle ---
"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?"
OR
*** Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Making ***

Back 2

C - Citrate
I - Isocitrate
K - a-Ketoglutarate
S - Succinyl CoA
S - SucciNATE (is LATE)
F - Fumarate
M - Malate
O - Oxaloacetate

Front 3

--- TCA Cycle ---
Mnemonic for its ENZYMES...
# of words?

Back 3

So At Another Dance Dave Sipped Down Five Drinks

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Front 4

--- TCA Cycle ---
So At Another Dance Dave Sipped Down Five Drinks

Back 4

So - citrate Synthetase
At - Aconitase
Another - Aconitase
Dance - isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Dave- alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Sipped - succinyl-coa Synthetase
Down - succinate Dehydrogenase
Five - Fumarase
Drinks - malate Dehydrogenase

Front 5

--- TCA Cycle ---
*** acid is formed between citrate and isocitrate by the enzyme ***.

Back 5

cis-aconitate
Aconitase

Front 6

--- TCA Cycle ---
What is formed after isocitrate?
Before? By?

Back 6

α-ketoglutarate
cis-aconitate
Aconitase

Front 7

--- Mammalian ETC ---
NADH gives # ATP.
FADH2 gives # ATP.

Back 7

2.5(actually 2.7)
1.5(actually 1.6)

Front 8

Hexose kinase is the first enzyme in the *** pathway?

Back 8

glycolysis pathway,

Front 9

There are ____ subunits in the c-ring of mammalian mitochondrial F-type ATP synthases?

Back 9

8

Front 10

1) The end product of glycolysis is...
2) The TCA cycle needs to be fed with...
3) Enzyme system linking glycolysis & TCA cycles...

Back 10

1) pyruvate
2) Acetyl-CoA
3) pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 11

The product of hexose kinase is...
It can be used in what cycles?

Back 11

glucose-6-phosphate
pentose phosphate pathway
gluconeogenesis

Front 12

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric effector for?

It does what, where?

Back 12

1) phosphofructokinase-l (PFK-l),
2) fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-l),
5) both 1) and 2) above,
regulates glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in the liver

Front 13

If the standard free energy change (.G'°) of the reaction A>B is –40 kJ/mol, under cellular conditions the reaction?
1) may proceed spontaneously from L to R,
2) may proceed spontaneously from R to L,
3) may be at equilibrium,
4) may exhibit a positive .G,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 13

5) all of the above,

Front 14

Which of the following glycolysis pathway enzymes are regulated?
1) hexoses kinase,
2) PFK-1,
3) pyruvate kinase,
4) 1) and 2) above,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 14

5) all of the above,

Front 15

The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase is?
1) associated with the TCA cycle,
2) a mitochondrial membrane protein,
3) a flavoprotein,
4) also designated as complex II,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 15

5) all of the above,

Front 16

Pyruvate decarboxylase is located in the ***.

Back 16

mitochondria

Front 17

The pentose phosphate pathway is located in the cytosol/mitochondria.

Back 17

cytosol

Front 18

Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol/mitochondria.

Back 18

cytosol

Front 19

Gluconeogenesis takes place in the cytosol/mitochondria.

Back 19

cytosol mainly
starts off in mitochondria

Front 20

--- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ---
1) Activates the *** enzyme in the *** pathway.
2) Inhibits *** enzyme in the *** pathway.
It does what, where?

1) phosphofructokinase-l (PFK-l),
2) fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-l),
5) both 1) and 2) above,
regulates glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in the liver

Back 20

1) PFK-1 --- glycolysis
2) FBPase-1 --- gluconeogenesis

PhosphoFructoKinase-l
Fructose-l,6-BisShosphatASE

Front 21

Gibbs free energy.

ΔG = ????

Back 21

ΔG = ΔG'o + RT ln{[A][B]/[C][D]}
ΔG'o - std free energy change
R - gas constant
T - absolute temperature

Front 22

Which of the following is true of glycogen synthesis & breakdown?
1) synthesis is catalyzed by the same enzyme that catalyzes breakdown,
2) the immediate product of glycogen breakdown is free glucose,
3) protein phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown & inactivates the synthetic enzyme,
4) under normal circumstances glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown occur simultaneously and at high rates,
5) the glycogen molecule "grows" at its reducing end,
6) none of the above.

Back 22

3) protein phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown & inactivates the synthetic enzyme,

Front 23

--- Glycogen synthesis & breakdown ---
Protein phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for *** & inactivates the *** enzyme.

Back 23

breakdown
synthetic

Front 24

Key enzyme for reoxidizing NAD+ in anaerobic mammalian skeletal muscle cells...

Back 24

2) pyruvate lactate

Front 25

_________k) Which of the following enzymes act directly in the pentose phosphate pathway?
1) glycogen phosphorylase,
2) phosphofructokinase-1,
3) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase,
4) pyruvate carboxylase,
5) pyruvate kinase,
6) none of the above

Back 25

3) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase,

Front 26

Epinephrine triggers an increased rate of glycogen breakdown in muscle by ultimately mediating?
1) activation of hexokinase,
2) activation of phosphofructokinase-1,
3) conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to glycogen phosphorylase a,
4) activation of branching enyme,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 26

3) conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to glycogen phosphorylase a,

Front 27

Citrate synthase and the NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase are two key regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle. These enzymes are inhibited by?
1) AMP and/or NADH,
2) ATP and/or NADH,
3) ATP and/or NAD+,
4) AMP and/or NAD+,
5) acetyl-CoA and fructose 6-phosphate,
6) none of the above.

Back 27

2) ATP and/or NADH,

Front 28

A metabolic pathway proceeds as follows: R > S <> T <> U <> V <> W. A regulatory enzyme, E1, catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway. Which of the following is most likely correct for this pathway?
1) Another regulatory enzyme, E2, will catalyze the second reaction in the pathway.
2) Either metabolite U or V is likely to be a positive modulator, increasing the activity of
E1.
3) The second product T, is probably the primary negative regulator of E1, leading to
feedback inhibition.
4) The end-product, W, is likely to be a negative regulator of E1, leading to feedback
inhibition.
5) The end-product, W, is likely to be a positive modulator, increasing the activity of E1.
6) none of the above.

Back 28

4) The end-product, W, is likely to be a negative regulator of E1, leading to feedback
inhibition.

Front 29

Glycogen-debranching enzyme catalyzes?
1) transfer the glucose units from a non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule to a more internal position to give an 1 6 link during glycogen synthesis, .
2) addition of glucose units at the reducing end in glycogen synthesis,
3) transfer of glucose residues form the remaining 4 units at a 1 6 branch to an 1 4 terminus of a nearby glycogen chain,
4) hydrolysis of the a remaining 1 6 linked glucose moiety to give free glucose
5) both 1) and 2) above.,
6) both 3) and 4) above,
7) none of the above.

Back 29

6) both 3) and 4) above

Front 30

Glycogen-debranching enzyme catalyze the...
1) transfer of glucose residues form the remaining *#* units at a *#* to *#* branch to an *#* to *#* terminus of a nearby glycogen chain
2) hydrolysis of the a remaining *#* to *#* linked glucose moiety to give *** g***.

Back 30

1) 4 --- 1 to 6 --- 1 to 4
2) 1 to 6 --- free glucose

Front 31

False statement about gluconeogenesis is....
1) For starting materials, it can use carbon skeletons derived from pyruvic acid.
2) It requires metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).
3) It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels by metabolism in the liver.
4) It employs the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1.
5) It consists entirely of the exact same reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse direction.
6) For starting materials, it can use carbon skeletons derived from OAA.

Back 31

5) It consists entirely of the exact same reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse direction.

Front 32

Acetyl-S-CoA formation from pyruvate?
1) occurs in the mitochondria,
2) uses NAD+ as the coenzyme,
3) is carried out by a multienzyme complex,
4) requires FAD as a coenzyme,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 32

5) all of the above,

Front 33

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (-oxidation), mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (a shuttle enzyme) and succinate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle), are all?
1) associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane,
2) flavoproteins,
3) involved in transferring electrons to Q,
4) all of the above,
5) none of the above.

Back 33

4) all of the above,

Front 34

The following compounds require shuttle systems to facilitate entry into the mitochondrial matrix?
1) NADH,
2) acyl-CoA,
3) malate,
4) pyruvate,

Back 34

1) NADH,
2) acyl-CoA,
5) both 1 & 2 above,

Front 35

The following compounds require shuttle systems to facilitate entry into the mitochondrial matrix?
1) ***
2) ***

Back 35

1) NADH,
2) acyl-CoA,

Front 36

The Malate-Aspartate Shuttle system is used to xport....

Back 36

NADH
Mitochondrial Oxidation of Cytosolic NADH Generated in Glycolysis

Front 37

Transfer of Acyl-CoA Group to *** and Entry Into Mitochondria.

Back 37

Carnitine

Front 38

In glycolysis, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to two products with a standard free-energy change, G'° , of 23.8 kJ/mol. Under what conditions encountered in a normal cell will the free-energy change (G ) be negative, enabling the reaction to proceed spontaneously to the right?
1) Under standard conditions, enough energy is released to drive the reaction to the right.
2) The reaction will not go to the right spontaneously under any conditions because the .G'° is positive.
2) The reaction will proceed spontaneously to the right if there is a high concentration of products relative to the concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
3) The reaction will proceed spontaneously to the right if there is a high concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate relative to the concentration of products.
4) None of the above conditions is sufficient.

Back 38

3) The reaction will proceed spontaneously to the right if there is a high concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate relative to the concentration of products.

Front 39

Which of the following is true regarding the complete oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate (16:0) by the.beta-oxidation pathway?
1) 8 mol of FADH2 are formed,
2) 8 mol of NADH are formed,
3) 9 mol of acetyl-CoA are formed,
4) the reactions occur in the cytosol,
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above..

Back 39

6) none of the above..

Front 40

Which of the following is true regarding the complete oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate (16:0) by the.beta-oxidation pathway?
1) *#* mol of FADH2 are formed,
2) *#* mol of NADH are formed,
3) *#* mol of acetyl-CoA are formed,

Back 40

1) 7 - n/2-1
2) 7 - n/2-1
3) 8 - n/2

Front 41

The ***-oxidation pathway takes place in the mitochondria... generating Acetyl-CoA for entry into the Citric Acid cycle.

Back 41

Beta

Front 42

Most of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to?
1) carbon dioxide (CO2),
2) carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide,
3) water,
4) acetyl-CoA.
5) none of the above.

Back 42

3) water,

Front 43

Most of the oxygen consumed in breathing is converted to....

Back 43

water

Front 44

In order to do work, Γ for a particular biochemical reaction must be?
1) near equilibrium,
2) less than Keq,
3) equal to Keq,
4) greater than Keq,
5) both 1) & 3) above,
6) all of the above.

Back 44

2) less than Keq,

Front 45

In order to do work, Γ for a particular biochemical reaction must be.... *** than Keq.

Back 45

less

Front 46

The following enzyme function in the malate-aspartate shuttle?
1) malate dehydrogenase,
2) aspartate aminotransferase,
3) fumarase,
4) both 1) and 2) above
5) all of the above,
6) none of the above.

Back 46

4) both 1) and 2) above

Front 47

--- malate-aspartate shuttle ---
1) *** dehydrogenase,
2) *** aminotransferase,

Back 47

--- malate-aspartate shuttle ---
1) malate
2) aspartate

Front 48

Epinephrine triggers an increased rate of glycogen breakdown in muscle by ultimately mediating conversion of glycogen *** *** to glycogen *** ***.

Back 48

phosphorylase b
phosphorylase a

Front 49

A phosph*** is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate.

Back 49

phosphatase

Front 50

A phosph*** is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group.

Back 50

phosphorylase

Front 51

Glycolysis enzymes are located in the cytosol of cells. *** enters the mitochondria to be metabolized further.

Back 51

Pyruvate

Front 52

The hormonal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is mediated by ***.

Back 52

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

Front 53

1) Breakdown of glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase generates *** which is
2) converted to *** via the action of the enzyme *** which is
3) an intermediate in the *** pathway.

Back 53

1) glucose-1-phosphate
2) Glucose 6-phosphate --- Phosphoglucomutase
3) glycolysis

Front 54

The pentose phosphate pathway is a process that generates *** and ***.

Back 54

NADPH
pentoses (5-carbon sugars).

Front 55

If Γ > than Keq then [C][D]/[A][B] is greater than the equilibrium ratios so ΔG is more ***.

Back 55

positive

Front 56

--- C-3 labeled Glucose ---
--- Anaerobic Fermentation in Muscle Tissue ---
1) Labeled Compound?
2) What Position

Back 56

1) lactate
2) C-1

Front 57

--- C-1 labeled 16:0 Palmitic Acid ---
--- anaerobic beta-oxidation pathway ---
1) Labeled Compound?
2) What Position

Back 57

No metabolism under anaerobic conditions
label stays @ C-1 of palmitic acid

Front 58

--- Lactate labeled @ C-1 ---
--- Anaerobic Fermentation in Muscle Tissue ---
1) Original Substrate?
2) Original Position?

Back 58

1) Glucose
2) C-3

Front 59

Steps of β-oxidation?
1)
2)
3)

Back 59

1) Activation
2) Carnitine Transport Shuttle
3) Reaction Rounds

Front 60

ATP cost/gain of 18:0 aerobic β-oxidation?
1) TOTAL
1a) Activation
1b) Carnitine Transport Shuttle
1c) Reaction Rounds

Back 60

1) 120
1a) -2
1b) 0
1c) 122
(8) NADH x 2.5 = 20
(8) FADH2 x 1.5 = 12
(9) Acetyl-CoA x 10 = 90

Front 61

--- ATP cost/gain ---
Glucose unit from Glycogen under aerobic conditions employing the malate-aspartate shuttle.
1) Total
1a) Glycolysis + Glycogen
1b) Pyruvate Decarboxylation
1c) TCA

Back 61

1) 33
1a) Glycogen = 1 ATP
Glycolysis
(2) ATP =2
(2) NADH = 5
OR
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
(2) NADH = 5
1b) (2) NADH = 5
1c) (6) NADH = 15
(2) FADH2 = 3
(2) GTP = 2

Front 62

Main Pathways of Glucose Metabolism
1) Process 1
2) Process 2
3) Process 3

Back 62

1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate Decarboxylation
3) TCA

Front 63

--- ATP cost/gain ---
1) Glycolysis of Glycogen Glucose
2) Glucose w/glycolysis
3) Glucose w/PPP
4) 18:0 β-oxidation

Back 63

1) 33
2) 32
3) 30
4) 120

Front 64

--- Mitchell's Chemiosmotic Coupling Hypothesis ---
Main points?
1) ***/*** of *** ***
2) *** - R*** e*** driven by "*** ***" via the "b*** c*** m***."
3) I*** *** required for *** ***.

Back 64

1) Generation and Use of Proton Gradient
2) F0F1ATP Synthase - Rotary engine driven by H+ gradient via the binding change mechanism.(H+ per ATP depending # of c subunits)
3) Intact membrane required for Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 65

--- FoF1ATP Synthase ---
Domains?
--- Subunits? Where?

Back 65

F0 domain
1 a - between B and C
2 b - hold up δ-subunit
? c - cams
F1 domain
1 α3β3 hexamer - ADP binds to β
1 γ - shaft
1 δ - next to αβ
1 ε - bottom

Front 66

--- Proton Motive Force ---
1) What is it?
2) Units?
3) Equation?
4) What is it indicative of?
5) Electrical gradient(ΔΨ) is the larger contributor in the *** while ΔpH is in the ***.

Back 66

1) Sum of the membrane potential and the pH gradient.
2) mV
3) Δp = ΔΨ - 59ΔpH @ 25°C
4) Total potential energy available to drive H+ back into the matrix space.
5) mitochondria --- chloroplasts

Front 67

ΔΨ?

Back 67

membrane potential

Front 68

---- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Component Names?
1)
2)
3)

Back 68

1) E1 - pyruvate decarboxylase
2) E2 - dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3) E3 - dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

Front 69

---- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Functions?
1) E1 - pyruvate decarboxylase
2) E2 - dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3) E3 - dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

Back 69

1) E1 - Decarboxylation of pyruvate and xfer to E2
2) E2 - transacylation of acetyl to CoA producing acetyl-CoA for TCA.
3) E3 - e- are xferred to FAD and then NAD+ forming NADH

Front 70

---- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
1) Types of regulation?
2) Inhibitors? 4
3) Activators? 5

Back 70

1) Allosteric and Covalent
2) ATP, GTP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH
3) AMP, CoA-SH, NAD+, Ca2+ and Mg2+

Front 71

---- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Covalent Regulation...
1) Active form is *** by enzyme ***.
2) Inactive form is *** by enzyme ***.

Back 71

1) dephosphorlyated - Phosphoprotein Phosphatase(Ca2+ / Mg2+)
2) phosphorlyated - Protein Kinase