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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Objective
Compare the effects of amphetamines, cocaine and methylphenidate on neurotransmitters. |
Amphetamines stimulate the release of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron. Cocaine and methylphenidate (i.e., Ritalin) block the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine.
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Objective
Discuss the relationship between methylphenidate use in childhood and drug abuse in adulthood. |
Children who take methylphenidates are actually less likely than others to abuse drugs in adolescence or adulthood.
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Objective
Describe the effects of MDMA on the brain and on behavior. |
The brain effects of MDMA are related to dosage: At low doses, it stimulates the release of dopamine; at higher doses, it can also increase serotonin release. The behavioral effects of MDMA can include depression, sleep problems, anxiety, memory deficits, attention problems, and the loss of impulse control.
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Objective
Describe the effects of nicotine on the brain. |
Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, binding to a type of acetylcholine receptor called a nicotinic receptor. Both nicotine and acetylcholine are excitatory; they are found on neurons in the nucleus accumbens that release dopamine.
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Objective
Identify three types of opiates and describe their effects on behavior. |
Three well-known examples of opiates are: morphine, heroin, and methadone. These drugs produce a sense of relaxation and reduce the brain’s sensitivity to pain.
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Objective
Summarize the findings of Pert & Snyder. |
Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder (1973) were the first to identify opiate receptors in the brain. They hypothesized that there must be a naturally-occurring substance in the brain that resembles opiates. These opiate-like neurotransmitters, also known as endorphins (a shortened form of “endogenous morphines”), were eventually isolated by other researchers.
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Objective
Discuss the medical uses and psychological effects of marijuana. |
Marijuana has been used medically to alleviate pain and nausea, to treat glaucoma, and to stimulate appetite. It psychological effects include heightened sensation, time distortion, and the temporary disruption of short-term memory.
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Objective
Name the brain regions where cannabinoid receptors are most abundant. |
The active ingredient in marijuana (THC) resembles naturally-occurring neurotransmitters called cannabinoids. So far, two types of cannabinoids have been identified: anandamide and 2-AG. Receptors for these neurotransmitters are most common in the hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and certain regions within the cerebral cortex.
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Objective
Describe the effect of cannabinoids on neurotransmitters. |
Cannabinoids block the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and of GABA, which is inhibitory. Because GABA inhibits neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that release dopamine, one of the indirect effects of cannabinoids is to stimulate dopamine release.
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Objective
Describe the effect of hallucinogenic drugs on neurotransmitters. |
Most hallucinogenic drugs, including LSD and psilocybin, mimic serotonin and tend to stimulate serotonin receptors in the brain.
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antagonist
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A drug that bocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
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agonist
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A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter
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affinity
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The extent to which a drug binds to a receptor
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efficacy
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The tendency of a drug to activate the receptor to which it binds
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nucleus accumbens
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A small region within the basal ganglia that has a high concentration of dopamine receptors
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stimulant
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A class of drugs that increases autonomic arousal as well as excitement, alertness, motor activity, and mood
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opiate
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A class of drugs that are derived from the opium poppy and that increase feelings of relaxation while decreasing pain sensitivity and attention to real-world problems
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cannabinoid
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A chemical substance similar in structure to THC (the active ingredient in marijuana)
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anandamide
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A cannabinoid neurotransmitter that occurs naturally in the brain
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2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
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A cannabinoid neurotransmitter that occurs naturally in the brain
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hallucinogenic drugs
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A class of substances that distort perception
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