0L56 Bfcp2B Foot

Front 1

What forms a tunnel for one flexor digitorum longus tendon and one flexor digitorum brevis tendon?

Back 1

The fibrous digital sheath

Front 2

Where do the fibrous digital sheaths attach?

Back 2

The margins of the phalanges

Front 3

Where are synovial sheaths located in the foot?

Back 3

Any where wehre tendons are retained by retinacula, including the fibrous digital sheaths: flexor, extensor, and fibular retinacula and fibrous digital sheaths.

Front 4

What muscles are located in the dorsum of the foot?

Back 4

Extensor digitorum brevis

Front 5

What muscles are located in the first layer of the foot (medial to lateral)?

Back 5

1. Abductor hallucis 2. Flexor digitorum brevis 3. Abductor digiti minimi

Front 6

What muscles are located in the second layer of the foot (medial to lateral)?

Back 6

1. Tendons of flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum brevis 2. Lumbricals 3. Quadratus plantae (posterior)

Front 7

What muscles are located in the third layer of the foot (medial to lateral)?

Back 7

1. Medial and lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis 2. Transverse and oblique head of adductor hallucis 3. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Front 8

What muscles are in the fourth layer of the foot?

Back 8

1. Plantar interossei (3) 4. Dorsal interossei (4) 3. Tendon of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

Front 9

Extensor Digitorum Brevis (& Extensor Hallucis Brevis)

Back 9

O: Upper anterior calcaneus I: Extensor expansions of the medial 4 toes (for toes 2, 3, and 4, it fuses with the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle) A: Extension of the medial 4 toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints N: Deep fibular nerve

Front 10

Abductor Hallucis

Back 10

O: Medial process of the tuber calcanei I: Medial sesamoid and base of the proximal phalanx of toe 1 A: Flexion and abduction of toe 1 at the metatarsophalangeal joint N: Medial plantar nerve

Front 11

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Back 11

O: Medial process of the tuber calcanei I: Middle phalanges of toes 2-5 A: Flexion of the middle phalanges of toes 2-5 at the proximal interphalangeal joints N: Medial plantar nerve

Front 12

Abductor digiti minimi

Back 12

O: Lateral process of the tuber calcanei I: Base of the proximal phalanx of toe 5, lateral side A: Abduction and flexion of toe 5 at the metatarsophalangeal joint N: Lateral plantar nerve

Front 13

Quadratus plantae

Back 13

O: Two heads from the medial and lateral sides of the plantar surface of the calcaneus I: tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle A: Aiding the flexor digitorum longus muscle in flexion of toes 2-5 N: Lateral plantar nerve

Front 14

Lumbricals

Back 14

O: Double heads for 2, 3, and 4 from flexor digitorum longus tendon, Single head for 1 from medial side of same I: Proximal phalanges of toes 2-5, medial side A: Flexion of the proximal phalanges of toes 2-5 at the metatarsophalangeal joints N: 1st lumbrical via the medial plantar nerve; 2,3,4 via the lateral plantar nerve

Front 15

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Back 15

O: Plantar surface of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform I: Medial sesamoid and base of the proximal phalanx of toe 1, medial side (medial head); lateral sesamoid and base of the proximal phalanx of tow 1, lateral side (lateral head) A: Flexion of toe 1 at the metatarsophalangeal joint N: Medial plantar nerve

Front 16

Adductor Hallucis

Back 16

O: Long plantar ligament and bases of the 2nd,3rd, and 4th metatarsals (oblique head); capsules of metatarsophalangeal joints 3-5 and deep transverse metatarsal ligaments (transverse head) I: Lateral sesamoid and base of proximal phalanx of toe 1, lateral side A: Adduction and flexion of toe 1 at the metatarsophalangeal joint I: lateral plantar nerve

Front 17

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Back 17

O: Cuboid bone and base of the 5th metatarsal I: Proximal phalanx of toe 5, plantar surface A: Flexion of toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint N: lateral plantar nerve

Front 18

Dorsal Interossei

Back 18

O: Double heads from adjacent metatarsals I: 1st dorsal interosseous base of the proximal phalanx of toe 2, medial side; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th dorsal interossei: bases of the proximal phalanges of toes 2, 3, and 4, respectively, lateral sides A: Abduction and flexion of toes 2-4 at the metatarsophalangeal joints N: lateral plantar nerve

Front 19

Plantar interossei

Back 19

O: Single heads from the medial side of 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals I: bases of the proximal phalanges of toes 3-5, medial sides A: Adduction and flexion of toes 3-5 at the metatarsophalangeal joints N: lateral plantar nerve

Front 20

Which tendons insert into the extensor expansions of the foot?

Back 20

extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus (and extensor digitorum brevis)

Front 21

Where do the slips of the extensor digitorum long and extensor hallucis longus tendons insert?

Back 21

Central slip inserts into the middle phalanx while the 2 collateral slips insert into the distal phalanx

Front 22

Which tendons run through the extensor expansions of the foot?

Back 22

extensor digitorum long and extensor hallucis longus

Front 23

How does the deep fibular nerve enter the foot?

Back 23

Its run deep to the extensor retinacula, innervating the extensor digitorum brevis.

Front 24

How does the median plantar nerve run through the foot?

Back 24

It runs deep to the the abductor hallucis muscle and starts branching superficial to the third layer of the foot at the junction of the abductor hallucis muscle and flexor digitorum brevis. It ends up innervating abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, the first lumbrical and flexor hallucis brevis (layer 3). It is a terminal branch of the tibial nerve that runs deep to the flexor retinaculum.

Front 25

How does the lateral plantar nerve run through the foot?

Back 25

It arises as a terminal branch of the tibial nerve, deep to the flexor retinaculum.It runs deep to abdcutor hallucis and between the flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae (layer 3). It is superficial to the third layer. It then courses below the abductor digiti minimi and flexor digitorum brevis.

Front 26

What does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?

Back 26

It innervates: abductor digiti minimi (layer 1), quadratus plantae (layer 2), lumbricals 2,3, and 4 (layer 2), adductor hallucis (layer 3), flexor digiti minimi brevis (layer 3), and all of the interossei (layer 4).

Front 27

From what artery does the dorsalis pedis artery arise?

Back 27

The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery as it passes an imaginary line between the 2 malleoli.

Front 28

How does the dorsalis pedis artery course near the foot?

Back 28

The dorsalis pedis artery passes deep to the inferior extensor retinaculum, passes deep to the extensor hallucis brevis muscle, and then gives off tarsal and metatarsal branches, terminating as the deep plantar branch passing between the 2 heads of the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle.

Front 29

How does the medial plantar artery course in the foot?

Back 29

The medial plantar artery arises as a terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery deep to the flexor retinaculum (medial side of ankle). It then course deep to the abductor hallucis muscle and then between the abductor hallucis and the flexor digitorum brevis muscles. It courses with the medial plantar nerve and terminates by giving off muscular branches and digital branches to the medial toes.

Front 30

How does the lateral plantar artery course in the foot?

Back 30

The lateral plantar artery arises as a terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery deep to the flexor retinaculum. It courses deep to the abductor hallucis muscle and then crosses from medial to lateral between 2 muscles, flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae (1st and 2nd layer). It then courses between the flexor digitorum brevis and the abductor digiti minimi muscles. It gives off muscular and digital branches and terminates by forming the plantar arch.

Front 31

Describe the formation and continuation of the plantar arch.

Back 31

The plantar arch is formed by the lateral plantar artery and is completed by the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery. It is located between layers 3 and 4 and gives off metatarsal arteries that in turn give off digital arteries to the toes.