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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscle Functions.
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1. Produces movement
2. Maintains posture 3. Stabalizes joints 4. Generates heat 5. Protection of internal organs |
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Epimysium.
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The overcoat of dense irregular tissue surrounding the whole muscle.
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The overcoat of dense irregular tissue surrounding the whole muscle.
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Epimysium.
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The general structure levels of skeletal muscle.
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The muscle is surrounded by the epimysium. It contains bundles of fascicles. The fascicles are surrounded by the perimysium and contain muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is surrounded by the endomysium and it's plasma membrane (sarcolemma). The muscle fibers are made of myofibrils. Myofibrils are bundles of myofilament (thick and thin).
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Perimysium.
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The covering of the fascicles.
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The external covering of a fascicle.
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Perimysium.
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Endsomysium.
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The covering of muscle fibers.
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The plasma membrane of the muscle fibers.
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Sarcolemma.
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Sarcolemma.
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The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
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The covering of muscle fibers.
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Endomysium.
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Myofibrils.
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Organelles made up of bundles of myofilaments. Groups of myofibrils make muscle fibers.
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Sarcomere.
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A segment of the myofibril. This contractile unit is composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins.
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A segment of the myofibril. This contractile unit is composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins.
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Sarcomere.
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The two type of myofilaments.
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1. Thick myosin
2. Thin actin |
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The movable attachment point of a muscle.
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Insertion.
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The unmovable attachment point of a muscle,
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Origin.
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When a muscle contracts, the ________ moves torward the ________.
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The Insertion moves toward the origin when a muscle _________.
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The two types of muscle movement/attachment.
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1. Indirect
2. Direct |
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Direct movement of muscles.
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When the epimysium is fused the the periosteum, it's a ________ muscle movement.
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Indirect movement of muscles.
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When the muscle's connective tissue extends into a tendon or aponeurosis to anchor the muscle to bone or other muscles, it's a ________ muscle movement.
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Muscle fibers.
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A long cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei just beneath the sarcolemma.
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The length of skeletal muscle fibers.
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30 um.
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The sarcoplasm of muscle fibers.
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This is similair to other cells but has a large number of glycosomes, myoglobin, specialized myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules.
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Myoglobin.
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Found in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers, it's a red pigment that stores oxygen.
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A red pigment that stores oxygen.
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Myoglobin.
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Glycosomes.
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Storage granules of glycogen, which muscles use as energy.
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Storage granules of glycogen, which muscles use as energy.
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Glycosomes.
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Myofibrils.
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rodlike structures that run parallel to eachother. (bundles make up muscle fibers).
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Size and number of myofibrils.
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These are 1-2 um. and are densly packed in skeletal muscle.
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______ makes up 80% of the cell volume in skeletal muscle cells and contain contractile elements.
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Myofibrils. (make up this percent of a cell and contain this.)
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Sarcomere.
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The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs.
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The smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
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The sarcomere is the smallest ___________.
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The banding pattern on skeletal muscle sarcomeres is due to ________.
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Thick and Thin myofilaments cause the ____________ of sarcomeres.
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Sarcomere.
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The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs.
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The smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
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The sarcomere is the smallest ___________.
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The banding pattern on skeletal muscle sarcomeres is due to ________.
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Thick and Thin myofilaments cause the ____________ of sarcomeres.
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How to distinguish a sarcomere on a myofibril.
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A _________ is from one Z disc to another Z disc. It includes half an I band, the A band with the H band and the M line, and another half of an I band.
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The ________ myofilament has heads.
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The thick myofilament myosin has __________.
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The thin myofilament is made of ________.
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Actin makes up the _______ myofilament.
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The muscle transmitter.
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Acetylcholinesterase.
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The enzyme acetylcholinesterase does this.
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___________ breaks down ACh into acetic acid and choline.
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Where ACh comes from in an action potential.
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This is released from vesicles in the axon terminal and is released into the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors.
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With respect to the action potention, the ________ is Na+ dependant and the ___________ is K+ dependant.
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With respect to the action potential, the upsweep is _______ dependant, and the downsweep is __________ dependant.
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Na+ channels open at this part of the action potential.
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At the initiation of the action potential, the _____ channels open.
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Na+ channels open _____ the action potential.
K+ channels open _______ the action potential. |
______ open to action potential.
______ open from action potential. |
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A Ca+ channel blocker lowers conductivity in a muscle because __________.
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You must have Ca+ to contract your muscles, so a ________ will inhibit muscle function.
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Isometric.
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Muscle tension develops but the muscle does not shorten or move the weight of the objects (load).
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Muscle tension develops but the muscle does not shorten or move the weight of the objects (load).
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Isometric.
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Isotonic.
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Muscle tension develops and the muscles shorten to move the load.
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Muscle tension develops and the muscles shorten to move the load.
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Isotonic.
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Cross bridges generate tension but do not move.
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Isometric (what happens to crossbridges)
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Cross bridges generate tension and the thin filaments move to shorten fibers.
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Isometric.
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Isotonic example.
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Lifting your arms.
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Isometric example.
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Maintaining an upright position.
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Motor Unit.
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A motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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The phases of a muscle twitch.
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1. Latent period.
2. Period of contraction. 3. Period of relaxation. |
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Muscle Twitch.
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The respinse of a muscle to a single stimuli where the muscle contracts and relaxes.
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Wave Summation.
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When a second stimuli occurse before the first muscle response to a stimuli has been completed. The second response causes a shortening only if it occurs before the muscle reaches it's refractory period.
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Tetnus.
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Occurs and results in max muscle muscle tension.
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When a muscle is stimulated at an increasingly faster rate and progresses to a sustained but quivering contraction.
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Unfused Tetnus.
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When a second stimuli occurse before the first muscle response to a stimuli has been completed. The second response causes a shortening only if it occurs before the muscle reaches it's refractory period.
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Wave Summation.
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When the stimulation frequency continues until it reaches maximal tension and all evidence of muscle relaxation disappears.
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Fused Tetnus.
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Contractions fuse into a smooth, sustained contraction plateau.
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Unfused Tetnus.
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The three ways to generate more ATP for muscles.
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1. Direct phosphorylation of creatine phosphate.
2. Anaerobic mechanisms involving glycolysis and lactic acid formation. 3. Aerobic respiration. |
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Direct Phosphorylation
(process, energy source, O2 use, products, duration) |
Process:Reaction of creatine phosphate and ADP
Energy source: creatine phosphate Oxygen use: none Products: 1 ATP, creatine Duration: 15 seconds |
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Anaerobic Mechanism
(process, energy source, O2 use, products, duration) |
Process: Glycolysis and lactic acid formation
Energy source: Glucose Oxygen use: None Products: 2 ATP, lactic acid Duration: 30-60 seconds |
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Aerobic Mechanism
(process, energy source, O2 use, products, duration) |
Process: Aerobic cellular respiration
Energy Source: Pyruvic acid, free fatty acids, amino acids. Oxygen use: Required Products: 38 ATP, CO2, H2O Duration: Hours |
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Factors that determine force of muscle contractions.
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1. The number of muscle fibers stimulated.
2. The size of muscle fibers stimulated. 3. Frequency of stimulation. 4. Degree of muscle stretch. |
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Two classification parts of muscle fiber types.
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1. Speed of contraction. (slow or fast)
2. The major pathway for making ATP (oxidative or glycolytic) |
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Oxidative.
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Muscle fibers reley on the aerobic pathways to generate ATP.
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The three muscle fiber types.
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1. Slow oxidative
2. Fast oxidative 3. Fast glycolytic |
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Glycolytic.
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Muscle fibers reley on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP generation.
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Activity best suited for slow oxidative fibers...
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Type of muscle fibers best suited for endurance, running marathons, maintaining posture, ect.
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Activity best suited for fast oxidative fibers...
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Type of muscle fibers best suited for sprinting or walking.
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Activity best suited for fast glycolytic fibers...
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Type of muscle fiber best suited for short-term intense or powerful movememnts like hitting a baseball.
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Recruitment order of muscle fiber types.
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1. Slow oxidative
2. Fast oxidative 3. Fast glycolytic |
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The ________ holds and releases the neurotransmitter in smooth muscles.
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Varicosities hold and release ________ in ___________ muscle.
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These junstion are found in smooth muscle at the synaptic cleft.
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Diffuse junctions.
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The two layers of smooth layer.
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Longitudinal and circular layers.
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The resting point of most cells.
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- 70
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Depolarization is becoming more _______.
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_______ is becoming more positive.
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Polarization is becoming more _________.
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__________ is becoming more negative.
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The upswing is (polarzation or depolarization?).
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Depolarization is the (upswing or downswing?).
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The hyperpolerized state below resting point.
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Refractory period.
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Name main differences smooth muscle has compared to skeletal muscle.
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Smooth muscle...
No T tubules Not as well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. Lower ratio of thick to thin filaments. No troponin Dense bodies that act as attachment points. |
