Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
5********************
The ability to write, paint, sew, or create objects from kits requires the development of _______ motor skills. |
Fine
|
Fine motor skills are small movements that enable precision in detailed activities such as painting or assembling model airplanes from a kit. Fine motor skills, including wrist and hand rotation and the ability to pinch, develop within a child’s first two years of life.
Through experience and increase in eye-hand coordination, fine motor skills (such as handwriting) continue to improve through childhood. |
|
|
Although reproduction might not yet be possible, sexual maturity is indicated in males by (usually between ages 11 and 15) and usually two years earlier in females by (usually between ages 8 and 15).
___ gonads (testes), gonads (ovaries) ___ spermarche, spermarche ___ menarche, menarche ___ spermarche, menarche ___ menarche, spermarche |
Spermarche and Menarche
|
Spermarche is the onset of ejaculation (emission of seminal fluid in response to arousing sights or thoughts) in males. Menarche is the onset of menstruation (discarding an unfertilized egg) in females. Males usually mature sexually two years later than females do.
|
|
|
Biological aging during middle adulthood (ages 45-65) often includes the onset of presbyopia () and presbycusis (difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds).
___ dullness of sensation in extremities ___ difficulty tasting ___ difficulty seeing ___ difficulty remembering ___ difficulty regulating body temperature |
Difficulty Seeing
|
Presbyopia is a normal result of biological aging; it is a difficulty in reading close objects.
|
|
|
Reproductive organs, which are present at birth, experience a growth spurt beginning at puberty that results in their adult size and function by about age 21. In males, ________ sex characteristics (structures necessary for reproduction) include the penis, testicles, and prostate gland; in females, primary reproductive structures include the vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus.
|
Primary
|
Primary sex characteristics are those directly involved in the reproduction process. Spermarche, or a male’s first ejaculation containing sperm, indicates sexual maturity (although sperm might not yet be able to reproduce) and usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 13.
Menarche, or a female’s first menstrual cycle, indicates sexual maturity and fertility (although reproduction might not occur until several years after menarche) and usually occurs between the ages of 8 and 15. |
|
|
A perinatal influence on biological development is ________ (prior to 38 weeks gestation) births.
|
Premature
|
Babies born before 38 weeks gestation are considered premature, or pre-term, and the babies are called “premies.” Pre-term births can be caused by a detached placenta, an inhospitable uterus, inadequate nutrition, stress, infection, or drug use. In addition to having complications from insufficient development, premies are often at risk for low birth weight.
|
|
|
_______ skills are the ability to move and control one’s body; there are two categories: gross and fine.
|
Motor
|
Gross and fine motor skills involve the movement of muscles. The development of motor skills are the easiest accomplishments to observe in growing infants and children.
|
|
|
Influenced by genes, hormones, diet, age, illness, exercise, and environmental factors, the “set point,” or “settling point” is the ________ a person’s body tries to maintain.
|
Weight
|
One of the environmental factors influencing the set point is childhood eating habits. Thus, the importance of nutrition is lifelong: from preparing a woman’s body for pregnancy, to prenatal development, to childhood growth, to brain development, to adult eating habits.
Insufficient nutrition at any point along the way can stunt growth, impede development, or lead to death. |
|
|
A prenatal influence that can affect the health of the mother is gestational ____________, the combination of insulin resistance and high glucose levels in the blood that occurs only during pregnancy.
|
Diabetes
|
During pregnancy, hormones in the placenta create insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs when the pancreas of the mother does not increase its supply of insulin, to counteract the resistance of the placenta, and when high blood glucose levels are present.
|
|
|
In infants, protein-calorie ____________(failure to consume enough nourishment to flourish) can cause marasmus. In early childhood, this severe nutritional deficiency usually results in kwashiorkor.
|
Malnutrition
|
Severe malnutrition marasmus is when infant growth ceases, tissues atrophy, and the infant dies. Kwashiorkor causes bloating because the child’s organs take any available nutrients; all other parts of the child’s body deteriorate, and the child becomes highly susceptible to death from any disease, including the flu. Kwashiorkor causes reduced organ size, even in adulthood, resulting in low calorie needs and low energy.
|
|
|
The decline of reproductive ability is called in women and the male in men.
___ mitosis, meiosis ___ noncellular invation, nongonococcal urethritis ___ menopause, climacteric ___ endometriosis, low sperm count ___ hysterectomy, eustressors |
Menopause and Climacteric
|
Influenced by decreasing amounts of estrogen, menopause is the cessation of menstrual periods and reproductive ability; it is often accompanied by sudden spikes in temperature (hot flashes), mood swings, and night sweats.
The male climacteric (change in reproductive ability) is influenced by decreasing amounts of testosterone; it can be accompanied by diminished sexual desire or performance, although men might never lose their fertility. |
|
|
Poor nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood yields growth and slow development.
___ no ___ inverted ___ average ___ accelerated ___ stunted |
Stunted
|
Malnourished children weigh less and are smaller than children of the same ethnicity who consume balanced nutrition. In addition, children with inadequate nutrition usually develop slower than their adequately-fed peers, sometimes failing to attain the same levels in brain development in neurological development.
|
|
|
Pubic hair, axillary (underarm) hair, facial hair, and a deeper voice are examples of__________ sex characteristics (features not directly involved in the reproductive process) in males; pubic hair, axillary hair, breast development, enlarged pelvic structure, and menstruation are examples of features not directly involved in the reproductive process in females.
|
Secondary
|
Secondary sex characteristics distinguish males from females but are not part of the reproductive system. During puberty, in addition to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics, both sexes experience weight gain, an increase in height, and increased activity of the sweat glands.
|
|
|
The absence of the B vitamin _______ acid in the mother’s diet can cause neurological defects in the developing child.
|
Folic
|
Folic acid is essential for embryonic development of the neural tube, which develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Folic acid is found in leafy green vegetables, fresh fruits, yeast, lentils, wheat germ, chicken, and tuna. Folic acid in one’s diet helps form hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Since it is pivotal to the development of the neurological system, folic acid should be a regular part of a woman’s diet at least one month prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. It is essential in the formation and repair of DNA and RNA. |
|
|
While _______ might specialize in how to play a certain game or information about a specific skill,_________ can more quickly learn and remember new unrelated information.
___ older adults, young adults ___ children, the elderly ___ adults, children ___ children, young adults ___ adolescents, infants |
Children and Young Adults
|
Adolescents’ ability to better remember new information is due to developmental increases. Increased knowledge often accompanies age; with increased knowledge comes an increased ability to learn even more information in a specific subject area.
|
|
|
The ability to ______ with stress—to adapt to a changing environment, to persevere in a challenging situation, and to devise alternate plans when something unusual interferes with normal life—is an element of executive function.
|
Cope
|
Executive function enables people to inhibit antisocial tendencies and to adjust to the unexpected issues in life. Deficits in executive function interfere with social success, since people with such deficits might not understand why a phrase or gesture is inappropriate for social interaction.
|
