Psychology: Exam 4

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Front 2

Social Cognition

Back 2

How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. People like more attractive people, and people judge by looks.

Front 3

Stereotype

Back 3

Generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another, and used to simplify understanding of people by classifying.

Front 4

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Back 4

Expectations cause us to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.

Front 5

What football team does our teacher like?

Back 5

The colts

Front 6

Primacy Effect

Back 6

Tendency to remember what was learned first. First impressions can have a lasting effect and can be formed from first impressions as quickly as 100 milliseconds.

Front 7

Attributions

Back 7

Explanations for why people behave the way they do.

Front 8

Attribution Theory

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Views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

Front 9

Dimensions of Causality

Back 9

internal (traits) vs. extern causes (social, luck) & stable (personality) vs. unstable causes (temporary) & controllable vs. uncontrollable causes.

Front 10

Attribution Erros

Back 10

Contains actors and observes, which has situational vs. disposition all.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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Overestimating the importance of internal traits and underestimating the importance of external caused of an actors behavior. The actor often explains their own behavior in terms of external causes.

Front 12

Heuristics

Back 12

Cognitive shortcuts that speed decision making.

Front 13

Availability Heuristic

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We predict that frequency of an event based on how easily am example can be brought to mind.

Front 14

False Consensus Effect

Back 14

Overestimating the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way they do, and we use our outlook to predict that of others.

Front 15

Positive Illusions (self esteem)

Back 15

Positive views of ourselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality. Most people think of themselves as above average.

Front 16

Self-serving Bias (self esteem)

Back 16

The tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure.

Front 17

Self-serving Bias (self esteem)

Back 17

The tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure.

Front 18

Self-objectification (self esteem)

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Tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.

Front 19

Stereotype Threat

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An individuals fear of being judged based on stereotypes causes them to act in self-fulfilling ways that confirm that stereotype.

Front 20

Social Comparison

Back 20

The process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Front 21

Social Comparison Theory

Back 21

Individuals evaluate their own opinions and desires by comparing themselves to others.

Front 22

Attitudes

Back 22

Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.

Front 23

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 23

WE act/think in ways that move us towards consistency to relieve cognitive dissonance. We can do this by adjusting our behavior to fit out attitude, or adjusting our attitude to fit our behavior. Festinger's 1959 study.

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Cognitive Dissonance

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Psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Front 25

Effort Justification

Back 25

Rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something.

Front 26

Self-Perception Theory

Back 26

Bem 1967: We look back on our behaviors to decide what our attitudes must be, especially when we are unsure about our attitudes.

Front 27

Persuasion

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Involves trying to change someone's attitude.
- The communicator (tv versus print)
- The target (age, attitude, strength)
- Message (rational versus emotional strategy)

Front 28

Elaboration likelihood model

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Central (sound, logical) and peripheral (credibility, attractiveness) routes.

Front 29

Successful Persuasion

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Foot in the door technique: Weaker request first, then ask for something more at the end.

Door in the face technique: Extreme request first, then more moderate demand at the end.

Front 30

Resisting Persuasion

Back 30

Inoculation
Ex: College students getting offered credit cards..

Front 31

Alturism

Back 31

Unselfish interest in helping another person.

Front 32

Egoism

Back 32

Giving to another person to gain reciprocity, self-esteem, reputation, praise, or to avoid censure.

Front 33

Aggression

Back 33

Social behavior that leads one person to harm another (physically or verbally)

Front 34

How is altruism advantageous?

Back 34

It occurs a lot between family members this ensure the survival of family genes, belief that altruism for non-family members is the misapplication of this same principle.

Front 35

The bystander Effect

Back 35

The tendency of a person to help less when other people are present than when that person is alone.

Front 36

Kitty genovese case

Back 36

Diffusion of responsibility, the social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.

-Woman = nurturing
-Men = dangerous

Front 37

Aggression: Biological influences

Back 37

Certain events release innate aggressive responses that rarely escalates to killing. The limbic system and amygdala are factors in this.
-Neurotransmitter = serotonins (low levels)
-Hormone = Testosterone (high levels)

Front 38

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis

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Frustration ---> aggresion

Front 39

Aggression: physchological influences cognitive determinants

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The presence of a weapon can prime hostile thoughts and produce aggression (anderson, Benjamin & bartholow, 1998) If a person perceives that anthers actions are unfair or internally hurtful, aggression is more likely to occur (duper & barking 2006)

Front 40

Observational aggression learning

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Aggression learned by watching others behave aggressively.

Front 41

Cultural aggression variations

Back 41

Homicide rate higher in US than many other countries. Though lower than south america, mexico and the philippines. Its higher in countries with large SES gap, and cultural norms about masculine pride and family honor.

Front 42

Media violence

Back 42

Violence revalent in US popular media, pornography, and video games.

Front 43

Social influence conformity

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Change in a persons behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Front 44

Factors that contribute to conformity

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- Informational social influence: Influence others have on us because we want to be right.
- Normative social influence: Influence other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Front 45

Obedience

Back 45

Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

Front 46

Stanley Milgram (1965, 1974) experimental design

Back 46

Resistance to social influence: sometimes we stand up and stand out, and sometimes we simply go with the flow.

Front 47

Deindividuation

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Loss of identity and sense of responsibility when we are part of a group.

Front 48

Social cogtagion

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Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Front 49

Social Facilitation (group performance)

Back 49

Improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others.

Front 50

Social loafing (group performance)

Back 50

People will often exert less effort in a group because there is less accountability for individual effort.

Front 51

Risky Shift

Back 51

Group decisions are riskier than average individual decisions, jury decision making, and racial or sexual prejudice.

Front 52

Group Polarization

Back 52

Solidification and further strengthening of a position as a consequence of a group discussion. Initially held views often become more polarized because of group discussion.

Front 53

Groupthink

Back 53

Group harmony, do not consider all alternatives and they desire unanimity at the expense of quality decisions, and avoiding this.

Front 54

Majority-Minority Influence

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- Majority: Normative and informational pressure.
- Minority: Information pressure, presents views consistently and confidently.

Front 55

Social identity

Back 55

How we define ourselves by our group membership.

Front 56

Social identity theory

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Individuals social identity is cubical part of their self-image (positive feelings), in-groups (group in which individuals belong), and out-groups (other group don't belong).

Front 57

Ethnocentrism

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Tendency to favor ones own ethnic group over other groups.

Front 58

Prejudice

Back 58

An unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members. Some explanations of this are competition between groups, motivation to enhance self esteem, cognitive processes, and cultural learning.

Front 59

Discrimination

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An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because he or she is a ember of that group.

Front 60

Improving interethnic relations

Back 60

Contact and task-oriented cooperation, then sherifs robbers cave study, and Aronsons jigsaw classroom.

Front 61

Attraction (Mere Exposure Effect)

Back 61

The more we encounter something, the more likely it is that we will start to like it. Proximity, acquaintance, similarity, and consensual validation.

Front 62

Consensual Validation

Back 62

When others behaviors and attitudes are similar to outs, they validate our own attitudes and behavior.

Front 63

Romantic Love (passionate love)

Back 63

Type of love that has strong components of sexuality and infatuation and often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.

Front 64

Affectionate Love (companionate love)

Back 64

Type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.

Front 65

Social Exchange Theory

Back 65

Social relationships involve the exchange of goods in order to increase benefits and decrease costs. "Fair share"

Front 66

Investment Model perspective

Back 66

Success of long ten relationships depends on commitment, investment, and attention to alternatives.

Front 67

Abnormal Behavior

Back 67

Behavior that affects the individuals thoughts, behaviors and interations with others.

Front 68

Deviant

Back 68

Different from what is considered normal in a culture.

Front 69

Maladaptive

Back 69

Interferes with persons ability to function effectively in the world.

Front 70

Personal Distress

Back 70

Intense sadness for prolonged period of time.

Front 71

Medical Model

Back 71

Psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins, called mental illness, and person considered patient to be treated by a doctor.

Front 72

Structural Views

Back 72

Abnormalities in brains structure

Front 73

Biochemical views

Back 73

Imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones.

Front 74

Genetic views

Back 74

Disordered genes

Front 75

Psychological Approaches

Back 75

The contribution of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality to the disorder.

Front 76

Psychodynamic perspectives

Back 76

Arises from unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety and result in maladaptive behavior.

Front 77

Behavior/social cognitive perspectives

Back 77

Rewards and punishments in environment, and emphasizes social cognitive factors.

Front 78

Trait perspectives

Back 78

Abnormal behaviors and characteristics as variations on normal personality characteristics. FIVE FACTOR MODEL.

Front 79

Humanistic Perspectives

Back 79

Inability to fulfill ones potential..

Front 80

Sociocultural Approach

Back 80

Places more emphasis on the larger social contexts in which a person lives. Marriage/family, neighborhood/socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and culture.

Front 81

Biopsychosocial Model

Back 81

A.K.A. interactionist Model:
- Biological factors (brain processes, heredity)
- Psychological factors (distorted thoughts, low self-esteem)
- Sociocultural factors (ineffective family functioning, poverty)

Front 82

Why is classifying disorders helpful?

Back 82

It assists with understanding, preventing and treating behavior, provides a common language for communication, and naming the disorder can bring relief.

Front 83

Anxiety Disorders

Back 83

Motor tension, hyperactivity, apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Panic disorder
- Phobic disorder
- OCD
- Post-tramatic stress disorder

Front 84

Generalized anxiety disorder

Back 84

It is prescience anxiety for at least 6 months, the inability to specify reasons for the anxiety, nervous most of the time. Approximately 6.8 million americans and 3.1% of individuals over the age of 18 have this.

Front 85

Panic disorder

Back 85

The recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occurs without warning, palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, feeling helpless, often feel as though one will die, go crazy, or soothing out of control.
- Biological: Automatice nervous system that is overly active, problems stemming from norepinephrine and GABA.
- Psychological: Misinterpreting harmless cues f physiological arousal.
- Sociocultural: Woman cope with anxiety different than men.

Front 86

Phobic Disorder

Back 86

An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation, situation is so dreaded, individual goes to almost any length o avoid it. Usually begins in childhood, can be illogical genes, neural cirtuit for social phobia.

Front 87

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Back 87

Persistant anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation. Obsessions (anxiety provoking thoughts), compulsions (ritualistic behaviors). Biological and psychological causes.

Front 88

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 88

Dianosis and symptoms when a person is overwhelmed and cannot cope. A variety of symptoms may develop as a result of expose to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters.

Front 89

Eithology

Back 89

Combat and war-related traumas, abuse, and natural/unnatural disaster.

Front 90

Mood Disorders

Back 90

Marked by a prolonged emotion that affects many area of that individuals life for a long period of time. Symptoms are cognitive, behavioral, or physical difficulties, and types are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, or bipolar disorder.

Front 91

Depressive Disorder

Back 91

Unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
2 types: Major depressive disorder & dysthymic.

Front 92

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Back 92

Must have a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least 2 weeks.
Symptoms: Reduced interest in most/all activities & physical agitation & weight loss & sleep disturbance & worthlessness & suicidial ideation & concentration problems & no maina. Must have presence of 5 out of 9 of these to be diagnosed.

Front 93

Dysthymic Disorder (DD)

Back 93

It is chronic depression, unbroken depressed mood lasting most of 2 years (adult) or 1 year (child). Has fewer symptoms that MDD, defined by presence of 2 out of 6 symptoms. Approx. 3.3 million of americans.

Front 94

Eitology of Depressive Disorders (Heredity)

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Tends to run in families, lower levels of brain activity, and area that processes rewards may not function properly.

Front 95

Eitology of Depressive Disorders (Neurobiological Abnormalities)

Back 95

Lower levels of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, and too few serotonin or norepinephrine receptors.

Front 96

Eitology of Depressive Disorders (Neurotransmitter deregulation)

Back 96

Norepinephrine and Serotonin

Front 97

Eitology of Depressive Disorders (Hormones)

Back 97

Hyperactivity in neuroendocrine system.

Front 98

Eitology of depressive disorders (Psychodynamic explanations)

Back 98

Childhood experiences.

Front 99

Eitology of depressive disorders (Behavioral explanations)

Back 99

Learned helplessness.
Stress --> powerlessness --> helpless

Front 100

Eitology of depressive disorders (Cognitive explanations)

Back 100

Catastrophic thinking, ruminative coping style, and pessimistic attributional style.

Front 101

Eitology of Depressive Disorders (Interpersonal relationships)

Back 101

Both recent and distant interpersonal experiences may be involved in depression.

Front 102

Eitology of depressive disorders (Socioeconomic factors)

Back 102

Individuals with lower SES are more likely to develop depression.

Front 103

Eitology of depressive disorders (Eithinc factors)

Back 103

Higher rates of depression in native americans.

Front 104

Eitology of depressive disorders (Gender)

Back 104

Women are twice as likely to develop depression.

Front 105

Bipolar disorder

Back 105

Characterized by extreme mood swings, such as depression and manic episodes. Frequent and separation of episodes, manic episodes must last 1 week, and episodes usually separated by 6 months. about 5.7 million of americans have this.

Front 106

Etiology of Bipolar Disorder (Heredity)

Back 106

Stronger heredity than depressive disorder, twin studies, and its a genetic marker?? maybe..

Front 107

Etiology of Bipolar Disorder (Neurobiological abnormalities)

Back 107

Metabolic differences between manic and depressed episodes.

Front 108

Etiology of Bipolar Disorder (Neurotransmitter deregulation)

Back 108

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate.

Front 109

Suicide

Back 109

Not uncommon for individuals to contemplate suicide at some point, as many as 2 out of every 3 college students have thought about suicide on at least one occasion. 3rd leading cause of death among 13-19 year olds.

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Suicide (biological Factors)

Back 110

Genetic, low serotonin levels

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Suicide (psychological Factors)

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Mental disorders, trauma

Front 112

Suicide (Sociocultural Factors)

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Family instability, unhappiness, chronic economic hardship.

Front 113

Dissociative Disorders

Back 113

Disorders are marked by a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. Individuals may have problems integrating different dimensions of consciousness.
Types: Dissociative Amnesia & dissociative Fugue & dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

Front 114

Dissociative Amnesia

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Individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress.

Front 115

Dissociative Fugue

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Individuals experience amnesia, unexpectedly travel away, and assume a new identity.

Front 116

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Back 116

The same individual possesses 2 or more distinct personalities, each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships, only one personality is dominant at a time, personality shifts occur under distress. Super rare, caused by extreme abuse and genetics and gender.

Front 117

Schizophrenia

Back 117

Characterized by highly disordered thought process, contains a split mind which is individuals mind is split from reality, often confused with dissociative identity disorder, diagnosed in adulthood, and treated with medication.

Front 118

Postitive symptoms of schizophrenia

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- Hallucinations: Sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli.
- Delusions: Fals, sometimes even preposterous, eliefs that are not part of the persons culture.
- Referential thinking: Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
- Thought disorder: Unusual, bizarre though processes.
- Movement Disorder: Unusual mannerisms, body movements, facial expressions.

Front 119

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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Flat affect: person shows little or no emotion, speaks without emotional infection, and maintains an immobile facial expression.

Front 120

Cognitive Symptons of schizophrenia

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Attention difficulties and memory problems, impaired ability to make decisions.

Front 121

Etiology of Schizophrenia (Heredity)

Back 121

Genetic predisposition.

Front 122

Etiology of schizophrenia (Structural brain abnormalities)

Back 122

Enlarged brain ventricles.

Front 123

Etiology of schizophrenia (Neurotransmitter deregulation)

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Higher levels of dopamine.

Front 124

Etiology of schizophrenia (Psychological factors)

Back 124

Diathesis-stress model: combination of biogenetic and stress causes schizophrenia.

Front 125

Etiology of schizophrenia (Sociocultural factors)

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Socioeconomic level.

Front 126

Historical Treatments of psych disorders

Back 126

the acceptance of trial and error, prevalence & acceptance of psychiatric hospitals (fever therapy & insulin therapy & electroshock therapy & lobotomies).

Front 127

Personality Disorders (Diagnosis and symptoms)

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Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are integrated into personality. Often recognizable by adolescence. And are generally difficult to treat.

Front 128

Antisocial Personality Disorders

Back 128

Guiltless, law-breaking, explosive, often resort to a crime and violence. May be superficially charming, criteria, and connection to crime.

Front 129

Personality Disorders (Etiology)

Back 129

Genetically heritable, prefrontal cortex activation.

Front 130

Borderline personality disorder

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Emotionally unstable, impulsive, unpredictable, unstable sense of identity and self, and highly related to self harm.

Front 131

Biomedical Approach

Back 131

Reduce/eliminate symptoms by altering body functioning.

Front 132

Common forms of biological therapy

Back 132

-Drug therapy
-Electroconvulsive therapy
-psychosurgery

Front 133

SSRI

Back 133

serotonin medications for anxiety and depression, take a few weeks to work.

Front 134

Bipolar disorder

Back 134

Give them lithium.

Front 135

Antipsychotic Drugs

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Neuroleptics., side effect is tar dive dyskinesia (weird face expressions, and it is permanent even when off medication) Not really a side effect in new medication. Used to mainly treat schizophrenia.

Front 136

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Back 136

Small electric current produces a brief seizure, used to treat major depressive disorder which has not responded to other treatments, and deep brain stimulations. USE IT WHEN NOTHING ELSE WORKS

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Psychosurgery

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Prefrontal lobotomines, frontal lobes are messed with.

Front 138

Psychotherapy

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Face-to-face help, people recognize and overcome psychological and interpersonal difficulties.

Front 139

Psychodynamic Therapies

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Unconscious ming, therapeutic interpretations, the goals are to recognize maladaptive coping strategies, identify sources of unconscious conflicts.

Front 140

Freudian Psychoanalysis

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Free association, catharsis, interpretation, dream analysis, transference, and resistance.

Front 141

Humanistic Therapies

Back 141

Emphasis of this approach is self healing, conscious thought, and self fulfillment. The goals are self understanding and personal growth.

Front 142

Rogers client-centered therapy

Back 142

Non-directive self exploration, warm and supportive atmosphere. Active listening, reflective speech, unconditional positive regard, and empathy and genuineness.

Front 143

Behavioral therapies

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Overt behavior change rather than insights into self or into underlying causes.

Front 144

Classical conditioning techniques (treating phobias)

Back 144

- Systematic Desensitisation: Develop hierarchy of fearful scenes, learn relaxation techniques, and apply relaxation while imagining fearful sciences.
- Flooding: Then there is flooding, intense exposure without allowing avoidance (covered in throw-up).

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Adversive conditioning

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Noxious stimuli paired with conditioned stimulus. Like taking a drug that makes you throw up when you drink alcohol. Something bad with something you have a horrible addictions too.

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Operant Conditioning Techniques

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Unlearning maladaptive behavior through altered consequences. Appllied behavior analysis: Positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors, extinguish maladaptive behaviors, and does not depend on gaining insight.

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Cognitive Therapy

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Thoughts (cognitions) are the primary source of psychological problems. So how we think controls how we fell. Focus on overt problems (unlike Freud), and structures analysis and specific guidance (unlike Rogers). GOALS=Cognitive restructuring.

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Ellis rational-emotive Behavior therapy (cognitive therapy)

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Irrational and self-defeating beliefs, eliminate beliefs through rational examination, and directive, persuasive, and confrontontational. MORE EFFECTIVE TREATING DEPRESSION THAN DRUGS.

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Becks Cognitive Therapy (cognitive therapy)

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Illogical automatice negative thoughts, identify and challenge automatic thoughts, and reflective, open-ended dialogue, and less directive. MORE EFFECTIVE TREATING DEPRESSION THAN DRUGS.

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Albert Bandura and self efficacy

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For therapy to be helpful, you must be able to make the patient to think that they CAN do it on their own.

Front 151

CBT (cognitive-behavior therapy)

Back 151

- Self-defrating thoughts
- Incorporate behavior therapy
- Self-instructional methods

Front 152

Therapy Integrations ***

Back 152

Techniques from different therapies are combined for the benefit of the client (e.g., dialectical behavior therapy).

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Group therapy

Back 153

Group share disorder, and a professional facilitates.

Front 154

Family and Couple Therapy

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Symptoms are function of relationships therapeutic techniques.

Front 155

Support Groups

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Conducted by a paraprofessional (someone who has had the same issue that the people are struggling with)

Front 156

Community Mental Health

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Deinstitutionalization (rise in homeless), prevention, and empowerment. Help people who are not institutionalized but help people deal with their mental illness.

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Cultural Perspectives

Back 157

Individualistic Vs. Collective cultures. Ethnicity, gender.