Human Body In Health And Illness Chp 10

Front 1

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 1

It is a structure of the nervous system. Includes the brain and spinal cord. Located in dorsal cavity.

Front 2

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 2

A structure of the nervous system. Located outside the CNS and consists of nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body.

Front 3

Neuroglia/Glial cells

Back 3

Nerve glue. Most abundant of the nerve cells. Most are located in the CNS. They support, protect, insulate, nourish, and generally care for delicate neurons. Do not conduct nerve impulses

Front 4

Astrocytes

Back 4

Most abundant of the glial cells. Most diverse functions. Support the neurons structurally, cover the entire surface of the brain, and help form a protective barrier called the blood-brain barrier around the neurons of the CNS. Secrete nerve growth factors that promote neuron growth and enhance sypnatic development

Front 5

Blood brain barrier

Back 5

Prevents toxic substances in the blood from entering the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 6

Ependymal

Back 6

Line the inside cavities of the brain and assist in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 7

Neuron

Back 7

Most important in the transmission of electrical signals. Vast communication network. Vary in size; up to 4 ft. Nonmitotic: do not replicate or replace themselves when injured

Front 8

Dendrites

Back 8

Treelike structures that receive signals from other neurons and then transmit the signals toward the cell body

Front 9

Cell body

Back 9

Contains the nucleus. Essential for the life of the cell. Received thousands of signals from the dendrites and decides what to send to the axon

Front 10

Axon

Back 10

Long extension that transmits signals away from the cell body

Front 11

Axon terminals

Back 11

Where the chemical neurotransmitters are stored

Front 12

Myelin

Back 12

Protects and insulates the axon.

Front 13

Schwann cells

Back 13

Form the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon

Front 14

Oligodendrocytes

Back 14

A Type of glial cell. When in CNS These form the myelin sheath bec there are no Schwann cells present.

Front 15

Nodes of ranvier

Back 15

Axonal areas not covered by myelin, appear at regular intervals along the myelinated axon

Front 16

Sensory neuron

Back 16

Carries info from the periphery toward the CNS also called afferent neurons. Found in CNS and peripheral nervous system

Front 17

S.A.M.E.

Back 17

Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

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Interneuron

Back 18

Found only on CNS form connections between sensory and motor neurons. play a role in thinking learning and memory

Front 19

Nuclei

Back 19

Clusters of cell bodies located in the CNS

Front 20

Ganglia;ganglion

Back 20

Small clusters of cell bodies located in PNS

Front 21

Basal nuclei

Back 21

Patches of gray located in the brain

Front 22

Nerve impulse

Back 22

An electrical signal that conveys info along a neuron

Front 23

Action potential

Back 23

Sequence of changes in the membrane potential that occurs when a cell is stimulated to threshold; depolarization and polarization

Front 24

Resting membrane potential

Back 24

the electrical difference across the membrane of the resting neuron

Front 25

Polarized

Back 25

Resting cell; no nerve impulse is being transmitted

Front 26

Depolarize

Back 26

Inside of the cell changes from negative to positive

Front 27

Repolarization

Back 27

The return to the resting state.

Front 28

All or nothing manner

Back 28

The height of each nerve impulse is the same. Ensures the impulse does not weaken as it travels the axon

Front 29

Saltatory conduction

Back 29

Jumping from node to node. Increases the speed in which the nerve impulse travels along the nerve fiber. Myelinated fibers are considered fast conducting

Front 30

Synapse

Back 30

Helps info move from one neuron to the next

Front 31

Synaptic cleft

Back 31

A space that exists bec the axon terminal of neuron A (presynaptic neuron) does not physically touch the dendrite of neuron B ( post synaptic neuron)

Front 32

Receptor sites

Back 32

The dendrite of neuron B . Places on the membrane to which the neurotransmitters bind

Front 33

Neurotransmitters

Back 33

Tiny vesicles that store chemical substances

Front 34

Cerebrum

Back 34

Largest uppermost part of the brain. Divided into two cerebral hemispheres.

Front 35

Four major lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

Back 35

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Front 36

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

Back 36

Two divisions of the cerebrum

Front 37

Corpus collosum

Back 37

The cerebral hemispheres are joined together by bands of white matter that form a large fiber tract called ___________.

Front 38

Cerebral cortex

Back 38

Thin layer of grey matter forms the outermost portion of the cerebrum. Allows us to perform tasks like: learning, reasoning, language and memory

Front 39

Cerebral lateralization

Back 39

Differences in function between the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 40

Left brain

Back 40

Reasoning and analytical side of the brain; language and math

Front 41

Right brain

Back 41

Intuitive; regulars to spatial relations, art, music, & expression of emotions

Front 42

Convolutions/gyri

Back 42

Lumpy surface on the cerebrum is folded into elevations that resemble speed bumps on the road

Front 43

Sucli

Back 43

The grooves that separate convolutions or gyri

Front 44

Fissure

Back 44

A deep sulcus

Front 45

Central sulcus

Back 45

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 46

Precentral gyrus

Back 46

Located in the frontal lobe directly in front of the central sulcus

Front 47

Post central gyrus

Back 47

Located in the frontal lobe directly behind the central sulcus

Front 48

Lateral fissure

Back 48

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

Front 49

Longitudinal fissure

Back 49

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 50

Frontal lobe

Back 50

Located in front of the cranium. Key role in voluntary motor activity, personality development, emotional and behavioral expression, and performance of learning thinking and making plans. *sometimes called executive functions

Front 51

Primary motor area (Cortex)

Back 51

Control voluntary muscle movement. Ex. When you decide to move your leg

Front 52

Homunculus

Back 52

"Little man" the amt. of brain tissue that corresponds to a function of particular body part

Front 53

Broca's area

Back 53

Part of the frontal lob that concerns motor speech. Ex. If damaged the patient develops a type of aphasia where the Patient knows what he wants to say but can't say it

Front 54

Frontal eye field

Back 54

Just above Broca's area. Controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids. Ex. Scanning through a book

Front 55

Parietal lobe

Back 55

Located behind the central sulcus. Receives general sensory info from the body. It is called the primary somatosensory area (cortex)

Front 56

Temporal lobe

Back 56

Contains the primary auditory cortex; area that allows you to hear

Front 57

Olfactory area

Back 57

Nose; the area that controls smell

Front 58

Taste buds

Back 58

Interpreted in both temporal and parietal lobes

Front 59

Wernicke's area

Back 59

Broad region located in parietal and temporal lobes; translation of though into words. Damage to this area occurs from chronic alcohol abuse: result in severe deficit in language comprehension

Front 60

Cortex

Back 60

Outside

Front 61

Occipital lobe

Back 61

Back of head. Contains the visual cortex. Visions related functions: reading . Damage to this area causes cortical blindness

Front 62

Visual cortex

Back 62

Sensory fibers from the eye send info to this cortex in the occipital lobe where it is interpreted as sight

Front 63

Speech area

Back 63

Located in the area that includes the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Allows you to understand words

Front 64

Association areas

Back 64

Analyzing, interpreting, and integrating info

Front 65

Basal nuclei

Back 65

Regulates body movement and facial expression. Dopamine is largely responsible for activity

Front 66

Parkinson's disease

Back 66

Deficiency of dopamine. Movement disorder. Uncoordinated gait, slowness of speech, mask like facial expression. Sometimes called shaking palsy

Front 67

Diencephalon

Back 67

Second main area of the brain. Beneath cerebrum and above brain stem. Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Front 68

Thalamus

Back 68

Sorts out the sensory info. Gives us a hint as to the sensation that we are about to experience

Front 69

Hypothalamus

Back 69

Regulates body temp, water balance, and metabolism. Effects heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Front 70

Pituitary gland

Back 70

Directly or indirectly affects every hormone in the body

Front 71

Brain stem

Back 71

Connects the spinal cord with higher brain structures. Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 72

Midbrain

Back 72

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 73

Midbrain

Back 73

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 74

Pons

Back 74

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 75

Midbrain

Back 75

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 76

Pons

Back 76

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 77

Medulla oblongata

Back 77

Acts as a relay for sensory and Motor info. important nuclei control HR, BP, and Resp. rate

Front 78

Midbrain

Back 78

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 79

Pons

Back 79

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 80

Medulla oblongata

Back 80

Acts as a relay for sensory and Motor info. important nuclei control HR, BP, and Resp. rate

Front 81

Emetic center

Back 81

Vomiting center. Can be activated directly or indirectly. Activation includes stimuli from cerebral cortex (fear)sensory organs (bad odor, pain) and signals from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear (spinning)

Front 82

Midbrain

Back 82

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 83

Pons

Back 83

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 84

Medulla oblongata

Back 84

Acts as a relay for sensory and Motor info. important nuclei control HR, BP, and Resp. rate

Front 85

Emetic center

Back 85

Vomiting center. Can be activated directly or indirectly. Activation includes stimuli from cerebral cortex (fear)sensory organs (bad odor, pain) and signals from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear (spinning)

Front 86

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Back 86

Indirect stimulation of committing center located in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Can be stimulated by anticancer drugs and opioids

Front 87

Midbrain

Back 87

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 88

Pons

Back 88

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 89

Medulla oblongata

Back 89

Acts as a relay for sensory and Motor info. important nuclei control HR, BP, and Resp. rate

Front 90

Emetic center

Back 90

Vomiting center. Can be activated directly or indirectly. Activation includes stimuli from cerebral cortex (fear)sensory organs (bad odor, pain) and signals from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear (spinning)

Front 91

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Back 91

Indirect stimulation of committing center located in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Can be stimulated by anticancer drugs and opioids

Front 92

Nausea

Back 92

Comes from Greek word 'ship' as in seasickness

Front 93

Midbrain

Back 93

Relays sensory and motor info. Contains the nuclei that function as reflex centers for vision and hearing

Front 94

Pons

Back 94

Composed of tracts that act as a bridge for info traveling to and from several brain structures

Front 95

Medulla oblongata

Back 95

Acts as a relay for sensory and Motor info. important nuclei control HR, BP, and Resp. rate

Front 96

Emetic center

Back 96

Vomiting center. Can be activated directly or indirectly. Activation includes stimuli from cerebral cortex (fear)sensory organs (bad odor, pain) and signals from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear (spinning)

Front 97

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Back 97

Indirect stimulation of committing center located in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Can be stimulated by anticancer drugs and opioids

Front 98

Nausea

Back 98

Comes from Greek word 'ship' as in seasickness

Front 99

Cerebellum

Back 99

Coordination of voluntary activity. Damage to the cerebellum produces jerky muscle movements, staggering gait, off balance. May appear intoxicaited