Evolution Exam - Mutation To Hardy Weinberg

Front 1

Body fossils

Back 1

Show the structure of the organism (i.e. T-Rex bones), a remnant or replacement of organism

Front 2

Trace fossils

Back 2

Shows the activity of organism (ex. Chemofossils)

Hint 2

Laetoli footprints

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Taponomy

Back 3

Study of how things decompose and fossilize.

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Burges shale, Canada

Back 4

One of the premium locations for fossils from early to mid-cambrian- underwater landslide

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Unaltered remains (fossil)

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No change in composition, simply in sediment - blackened in phosphate (tar pits), aragonite is what shells are made of

Hint 5

Aragonite, phosphate

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Petrification (fossils)

Back 6

Everything replaced quickly by other elements -not good to study, but pretty

Hint 6

Petrified trees

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Types of preservation of body fossils

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Unaltered remains, Petrification, permineralization, casts and molds, replacements, recrystalization, compression-impression, mummification, resin protection

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Permineralization

Back 8

Water seeps into the actual cell spaces create by cell walls and solidifies in cellular space. Can retain even individual cell components

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Tetrapod-biped gap

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Rhipidiatian fish (eusthenopteron and panderichthys) and early tetrapods (acanthostega and ichthyostega)

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Taxonomy

Back 10

Naming things

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Phylogenetics

Back 11

Connecting things based on relatedness

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Systematics

Back 12

Classifying organisms based on Phylogenetics

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Phylogenetic tree

Back 13

A hypothesis about how various organisms are related to one another. Constructed using a particular set of characters (phenotypic and/or genotypic)

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Tiktaalik

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Transition between fish and tetrapods - about 375 mya. Limb bones and joints (even functional wrist), fish-like fins, half-tetrapod ear region. Tetrapod rib bones, tetrapod mobile neck, tetrapod lungs

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Two key adaptations to move from water to land

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Skeletal and muscular systems that allow movement, a way to breathe on land

Front 16

Transitions from biped to tetrapod

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Bony elements of paired fins, neck, pharynx structures (air-filled cavity, internal nares for chemoreception), etc.

Front 17

Mutation

Back 17

Any change in the genetic code of an organism, raw material for all evolution, mostly random, many outcomes.

Front 18

Mutation rate (mu) equation

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D = 2(mu)t. D is divergence two taxa, t is time measured as the number of generations or yrs since split, mu is rate at which neutral mutations arise or avg mutation rate per base pair per generation or mill yrs.

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Number of mutations in each human

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200 to 350 mutations for each human born compared to parents

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Where do mutations accumulate most quickly (pop and organism)?

Back 20

Organisms with short generation times , large populations, particular environments.

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Hardy Weinberg principle

Back 21

Way to associate allele frequency, genotype frequency and phenotype frequency and inquire whether a pop is evolving for a trait. Null hypothesis

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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When genotypes of a population are products/sums of the allele frequencies within that population (use chi squared test)

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Chi squared test

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Sum of (Observed-expected) squared divided by expected

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Whalund effect

Back 24

Lumping more than one population that differ in proportion of homozygotes into our analysis

Front 25

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

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No mutation, no gene flow, no genetic drift (pop is infinitely large), no selection, random mating

Front 26

Evolutionary mechanisms

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Mutation (increasing genetic variation), genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, sexual selection

Front 27

Random genetic drift

Back 27

Process of change in allele frequency due to chance effects only

Front 28

Random genetic drift

Back 28

Process of change in allele frequency due to chance effects only

Front 29

Magnitude of fluctuations depending on pop size

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Large pop = small fluctuations. Small pop = large fluctuations

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Mean time to fixation depends on size

Back 30

Large pop takes long time, small takes short time

Front 31

Types of genetic drift

Back 31

Bottleneck, founder effect

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Examples of bottlenecks

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American bison (750), northern elephant seals (20-30), cheetahs, golden hamsters, giant panda

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Founders of Pitcairn island pop (1789)

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Founder effect example, 30 males, 12 family names -> only Adams in 1930

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Random genetic drift, Markov process

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A random process whose probabilities at each stage are determined by its most recent values, i.e. a process lacking historical memory

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Cumulative behavior of random genetic drift

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I.e. from generation to generation, the frequency of an allele will tend to deviate more and more from its initial frequency

Front 36

Fitness (omega)

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How many descendants you produce (reproductive success), high fitness means producing more than the mean number of offspring for your pop.

Front 37

Fitness

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Survival (organism lives long enough to reproduce), number of offspring females produce, number of offspring males produce

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Darwinian fitness

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Number of offspring the individual produces

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Indirect fitness

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A portion of the number of closely related offspring produced

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Inclusive fitness

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Direct fitness plus indirect fitness

Front 41

Absolute fitness (R)

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Calculates per genotype as proportion that survive to reproduce times the number of offspring they reproduce.

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R > 1

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A genotype is contributing more than one new individual for each old individual (that portion of the pop is growing)

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Most fit genotype

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Highest R value, relative fitness (omega) is 1

Front 44

Selection coefficient (s)

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Difference between highest relative fitness and other allele fitness, can be positive or negative)

Front 45

Steinkern

Back 45

Type of cast/mold. Filled up with soft sediment, hardened and then she'll dissolves away -> cast of inside of shell

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Steinkern

Back 46

Type of cast/mold. Filled up with soft sediment, hardened and then she'll dissolves away -> cast of inside of shell

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Replacement

Back 47

Nothing left of original organism, intricate detail of structure-like pyrite (fools gold) or silica

Front 48

Compression - impression

Back 48

Remains of organism are still there, but altered form - ex. Compressed leaf and impression of leaf in rock

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Replacement

Back 49

Nothing left of original organism, intricate detail of structure-like pyrite (fools gold) or silica

Front 50

Compression - impression

Back 50

Remains of organism are still there, but altered form - ex. Compressed leaf and impression of leaf in rock

Front 51

Mummification

Back 51

Organism dies in desiccating environment - dries out quickly - highly unaltered. Desert, bog (like in Ireland)

Front 52

Mummification

Back 52

Organism dies in desiccating environment - dries out quickly - highly unaltered. Desert, bog (like in Ireland)

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Resin preservation

Back 53

Hardened tree sap preserving small organisms

Front 54

Trace fossils

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Tracks, burrows, eggs and nests, corprolites

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Mean fitness (gamma with line)

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Hardy Weinberg equation multiplied by respecting relative fitnesses added together. Avg fitness of individuals in the pop relative to the fitness type

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Deleterious mutation

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New mutation reduces the fitness of the carrier

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Deleterious mutation

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New mutation reduces the fitness of the carrier

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Purifying selection

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Deleterious mutations being selected against and eventually eliminated

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Purifying selection

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Deleterious mutations being selected against and eventually eliminated

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Neutral mutation

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Mutation having same fitness as original allele

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Neutral mutation

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Mutation having same fitness as original allele

Front 62

Beneficial mutation

Back 62

New mutation increases fitness of the carrier, undergoing positive selection