Case Study: The Leadership Scale For Sports

The Leadership Scale for Sports (LLS) (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) as described previously, consist of 40 items that measure five types of leader behavior styles. The LLS scale is made up of 40 items that are divided into 5 subscales. 13 items refer to Training and Instruction, 9 items to Democratic Behavior, 5 items to Autocratic Behavior, 8 items to Social Support, and 5 items to Positive Feedback. These 40 items are answered on a 5 point Likert scale. Response categories are: always, often, occasionally, seldom, and never.
The LLS version Coaches´ perception of their own behavior was used for this study. This version has been tested in different studies and has shown acceptable levels of Cronbach’s alpha values (Dwyer & Fischer, 1988). The original scale was developed with Canadian athletes and the internal consistency estimates were .83 (training and instruction), .72 (democratic behavior), .45 (autocratic behavior), .70 (social support behavior) and .82 (positive feedback behavior). The internal consistency in this study used the Cronbach´s alpha values of .87 (training and instruction), .61 (democratic behavior), .53 (autocratic behavior), .78 (social support behavior) and .52 (positive feedback behavior).

Emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ).

The Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (Gross & John, 2003), consist …show more content…
Symptoms are rated on a 5 point Likert scale: 0 means ‘‘never’’, 1 means ‘‘rarely’’, 2 means ‘‘sometimes’’, 3 means ‘‘often’’, and 4 means ‘‘very often’’ (Kessler, Green, Adler, Barkley, Chatterji, Faraone, & Van Brunt, 2010). Internal consistency estimates reported Cronbach´s alpha values of .88, and has been proven to have high concurrent validity (Adler, Spencer, Faraone, Kessler, Howes, Biederman, & Secnik, 2006). The internal consistency estimates and reported Cronbach´s alpha values used for this study was