Where\\
\textit{A} denotes attenuation of the incident light,\\
\textit{$\alpha $} denotes the wavelength of the incident light,\\
\textit{C} denotes the concentration of the absorber,\\
\textit{d} denotes the geometrical pathlength,\\
\textit{B} denotes the pathlength correction factor and\\
\textit{G} is the additive term for scattering losses
\begin{minipage}{\columnwidth} \centering \includegraphics [width=0.75\textwidth] {figures/mbl.png} \captionof{figure}{The modified Beer-Lambert law. The figure depicts a container with a solution. The solution has an absorber dissolved in it. The incident light with an intensity of $I_{0}$ is absorbed, scattered and reflected as it passes through the solution and exits with a intensity \textit{I}. …show more content…
Haemoglobin (Hb) and Myoglobin (Mb) have similar absorption spectra. Delineating each of their contributions to TOI values is not possible. As desaturation of Mb is minimal at 3 minutes of vascular occlusion, one can assume that the TOI values will represent changes in oxygenation of Hb. \cite{Ferrari:2004uc}\\
6. NIRO-NX 200 uses multichannel measurements to reduce regional variations in skeletal muscle oxygenation. This is pertinent, especially for the serial measures of TOI in the intensive care unit patients. Despite the possibility of probe placement at different sites, I have demonstrated reproducible and comparable TOI values.\\
7. The vascular occlusion test (VOT) acts as an internal calibration within each patient. This is because both oxygenated Hb and deoxygenated Hb reach near zero values at different points of the test. The manufacturers' guide also suggests that calibration is not necessary. \cite{Chance:1992vn} Van beekvelt proved that NIRS VOT was able to measure muscle oxygen consumption and forearm blood …show more content…
ATP (energy) can be produced only when a proton motive force (pmf) is generated across this membrane. The pmf is defined as the potential gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. It is created by the selective extrusion of protons to the outside. The transfer of electrons along the mitochondrial inner membrane enables this process. Four protein complexes take part in this process and pump out protons. Extrusion of 6 protons occurs for every 10 electrons that move along the membrane. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) acts as the first electron donor. The other proteins - Ubiquinone and Co-enzyme Q - transfer the electrons to the final acceptor. The eventual acceptor of the electron is oxygen, which forms water by combining with carbohydrate. The 5th protein of the transport chain is ATP synthase. The generation of ATP takes place at the ATP synthase. The proton moves through the membrane along the gradient. This enables the production of ATP by utilising ADP. Figure 1.3 demonstrates this
\textit{A} denotes attenuation of the incident light,\\
\textit{$\alpha $} denotes the wavelength of the incident light,\\
\textit{C} denotes the concentration of the absorber,\\
\textit{d} denotes the geometrical pathlength,\\
\textit{B} denotes the pathlength correction factor and\\
\textit{G} is the additive term for scattering losses
\begin{minipage}{\columnwidth} \centering \includegraphics [width=0.75\textwidth] {figures/mbl.png} \captionof{figure}{The modified Beer-Lambert law. The figure depicts a container with a solution. The solution has an absorber dissolved in it. The incident light with an intensity of $I_{0}$ is absorbed, scattered and reflected as it passes through the solution and exits with a intensity \textit{I}. …show more content…
Haemoglobin (Hb) and Myoglobin (Mb) have similar absorption spectra. Delineating each of their contributions to TOI values is not possible. As desaturation of Mb is minimal at 3 minutes of vascular occlusion, one can assume that the TOI values will represent changes in oxygenation of Hb. \cite{Ferrari:2004uc}\\
6. NIRO-NX 200 uses multichannel measurements to reduce regional variations in skeletal muscle oxygenation. This is pertinent, especially for the serial measures of TOI in the intensive care unit patients. Despite the possibility of probe placement at different sites, I have demonstrated reproducible and comparable TOI values.\\
7. The vascular occlusion test (VOT) acts as an internal calibration within each patient. This is because both oxygenated Hb and deoxygenated Hb reach near zero values at different points of the test. The manufacturers' guide also suggests that calibration is not necessary. \cite{Chance:1992vn} Van beekvelt proved that NIRS VOT was able to measure muscle oxygen consumption and forearm blood …show more content…
ATP (energy) can be produced only when a proton motive force (pmf) is generated across this membrane. The pmf is defined as the potential gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. It is created by the selective extrusion of protons to the outside. The transfer of electrons along the mitochondrial inner membrane enables this process. Four protein complexes take part in this process and pump out protons. Extrusion of 6 protons occurs for every 10 electrons that move along the membrane. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) acts as the first electron donor. The other proteins - Ubiquinone and Co-enzyme Q - transfer the electrons to the final acceptor. The eventual acceptor of the electron is oxygen, which forms water by combining with carbohydrate. The 5th protein of the transport chain is ATP synthase. The generation of ATP takes place at the ATP synthase. The proton moves through the membrane along the gradient. This enables the production of ATP by utilising ADP. Figure 1.3 demonstrates this