Transcription

synthesis is made up of two steps which are transcription and translation. The transcription part is when the information that is encoded in the DNA is taken away and it is the encoded in the mRNA and this information can then go to the cells that are within the nucleus and then onto in the cytoplasm. Then there is translation which is when the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to be able to synthesize the proteins. Transcription The sequence of transcription starts with the Enzyme Helicase…

amongst the most common forms of epigenetics and can have large consequences, for both individuals that acquired these changes and those who inherit them. Histone are proteins which the chromatin wraps round to be packaged and therefore silence the transcription of the DNA. Histone modifications affect how tightly bound the DNA is to the histone, and depending on these modifications the level of silencing is affected. The enzymes…

Ishrat Labiba Prof. Cavanaugh ANTH3301 Transcription Assignment Spoken conversation between individuals always has preset rules that are socially learned and acquired. Who's turn it is to speak, how someone is speaking for another person, and what is being spoken about all impacts a conversation and leads or misleads conversations in a specific direction. The "simple" details of a conversation are what make the entire conversation and give it different types of context. The conversation…

promoter activation via interactions amongst transcription factor binding sites. As previously mentioned, sometimes the enhancers are located many kilo-bases away from their promoter, so how can they interact? Chromosome looping is one way for cells to participate in long-range interactions, such as the enhancer-promoter…

1.3 Histone variants Histone variants are non-allelic isoforms of core histones that have specialized functions resulting from its distinct amino acid constitution. All histone families except for H4 histone have variant forms (Kamakaka and Biggins, 2005). Unlike core histones, which are only expressed during S phase, histone variants are continuously expressed throughout the cell cycle and incorporated into DNA in a replication-independent manner (Sansoni et al., 2014). A great number of…

The Ebola virus is gaining worldwide fame due to its sensational outbreak originating from Sierra Leone. The outbreaks of the virus have been recognized and effectively dealt with in the past, but the present outbreak is becoming a overwhelming challenge. Approximately there have been 15,000 suspected cases of the disease and 6,000 confirmed deaths so far. The horrifying visual hemorrhagic symptoms caused by the Ebola virus include internal and external bleeding as well as the fear inducing…

tightly wrapped chromatin becomes a problem when regulatory proteins need access to specific sections of the DNA. The genes are “turned off” to transcription by this physical structure until the needed section of chromatin is unwrapped, thus removing the obstacle. Once this unraveling occurs, the gene is turned on and transcription can begin [14]. Transcription, the first step in the process of creating a protein, copies the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a strand of RNA. RNA polymerase (Pol…

viral dsDNA becomes circular, and is bound by transcription factors OCT1, α-TIF, and C1, which facilitate transcription of α genes by RNA Polymerase II. α genes produce regulatory proteins that serve as inhibitors of their own production and activate transcription of β and γ genes. β genes correspond to proteins involved with nucleotide synthesis and DNA replication. These facilitate replication of the viral genome. β proteins facilitate transcription of γ genes. These genes are associated with…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

will examine how various plasmids affect the activity of several transcriptional reporters in P. aeruginosa as measured by a Miller (beta-galactosidase) assay. I will test the reporter strains PlacP1-lacZ to confirm that pJN105 does not affect transcription of Vfr, another gene involved in T3SS regulation. I will also examine the activity of transcriptional reporters for the exsD, rsmY, and rsmZ genes to confirm that these genes are reciprocally affected by the plasmid, as previously…